Suchergebnisse

Immigrants in many countries have lower employment rates and lower earnings than natives. We study whether a more liberal access to citizenship improves the economic integration of immigrants. Our analysis relies on two major immigration reforms in Germany, a country with a weak record of immigrant assimilation. For identification, we exploit discontinuities in the reforms'eligibility rules. We find few returns of citizenship for men, but substantial returns for women. Returns are also larger for poorer and more recent immigrants, but essentially zero for traditional guest workers. Overall, liberalization of citizenship provides some economic benefits but is unlikely to result in full integration of immigrants in the host country.

Education yields substantial non-monetary benefits, but the size of these gains is still debated. Previous studies, for example, report contradictory effects of education and compulsory schooling on mortality - ranging from zero to large mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we quantify the mean mortality effect and explore its dispersion across gender, time and countries. We find that men benefit from compulsory education both in the shorter and longer run. In contrast, compulsory schooling reforms have little or no effect on mortality for women.

There has been a longstanding debate about the link between political representation and health. In this article, I provide novel evidence that electoral reforms that shifted from a majoritarian to a proportional system of voter representation generated substantive health benefits for the general population. Using the exemplary case of Switzerland, I first show that the spread of proportional representation between 1890 and 1950 increased political participation and gave the working class, represented by left-wing parties, greater weight in the political process. Consistent with theories of the electoral system, proportional representation increased public investments, esp. in basic education, with few effects on redistribution or total spending. Based on comprehensive archival mortality statistics since 1890, I then demonstrate that the observed shifts in representation and public finances were associated with substantial declines in child mortality by 15% and in mortality from infectious diseases, the major killer of the time, by 10-15%.

Politicians, the media, and the public express concern that many immigrants fail to integrate economically. Research shows that the option to naturalize has considerable economic benefits for eligible immigrants, even in countries with a tradition of restrictive policies. First-generation immigrants who are naturalized have higher earnings and more stable jobs. The gains from citizenship are particularly apparent among immigrants from poorer countries. A key policy question is whether naturalization causes labor market success or is taken up by those immigrants who would anyway be most likely to succeed in the labor market.

Die folgenden Kapitel befassen sich mit dem neuesten Vertreter der Hintergrundspeicher, der
numerischen optischen Platte (NOP). Kapitel 3 erklärt den Aufbau und die Funktionsweise dieses Speichermediums und beschreibt dessen Vor- und Nachteile im Vergleich zur Magnetplatte. In Kapitel 4 wird ein Ausblick über die Struktur zukünftiger Datenhaltungssysteme und die Einbindung der NOP in ein solches System gegeben.

Abstract
This year's Nobel Prize in Economics goes to Claudia Goldin from Harvard University. She is a labour economist as much as an economic historian, and only the third woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Economics. Goldin revolutionised our knowledge and understanding of women's educational and occupational choices, their labour market careers and the family obligations they have faced over the centuries. Her work is extremely broad, spanning from historical studies of girls' educational choices in the 19th century to the determinants of the gender pay gap in the 21st century. Her work sheds light on important economic and social developments that many have been overlooked. She identifies patterns and relationships that were previously hidden or unknown, and shows novel causal mechanisms for long-run changes that are di˚cult to identify empirically.