Suchergebnisse

À partir d'analyses anthropologiques et historiques des « primatologies locales » en Afrique centrale, cette contribution montre qu'elles permettent de mettre en lumière les savoirs accumulés et en mutation sur l'alimentation, l'écologie et le comportement des primates non-humains, et elles peuvent également servir de cadre pour comprendre ce que cela signifie de dire que les primates non-humains sont « presque comme les humains ». Le terme « primatologies locales » fait référence à la manière dont des populations vivant à proximité de primates non-humains les observent afin de mieux comprendre leurs rapports sociaux et leurs comportements. Ce terme reprend et étend les débats dans le domaine des sciences sociales sur les « savoirs écologiques locaux ». J'examine ici, à travers une analyse historique et anthropologique, les récits et la manière dont les populations habitant dans la forêt en Afrique centrale entrent en relation avec les primates non-humains, en particulier les grands singes. Cette analyse révèlent d'autres modèles d'humanité, d'animalité, et de changement historique, qui peuvent offrir un socle potentiel sur lequel peut s'appuyer la protection des primates non-humains.

Depuis longtemps les anthropologues se sont interrogés sur la perméabilité des distinctions entre grands singes et hommes et sur l'emboîtement de leurs histoires biologiques. Cette analyse aborde une question liée, qui est dominée largement par les virologues, les épidémiologistes, et les primatologues, mais souvent négligée par les anthropologues : les histoires des échanges pathogéniques qui brouillent les frontières entre les êtres humains et les grands singes (Ebola, VIH…). Nous analysons plusieurs récits biomédicaux soulignant que le « contact anthropogénique » (entre hommes et grands singes) a redoublé d'une façon linéaire au cours du xx e siècle, et donc intensifié, la transmission des maladies entre ces espèces. Cet article montre aussi que la fréquence, la nature et la signification du contact hommes-grands singes ont fortement varié au fil du temps. Les récits historiques provenant des populations de la forêt nord-équatoriale font voir que les humains et les grands singes sont les acteurs d'une histoire commune, engagés dans des interactions diverses, portant des significations et des conséquences ambiguës.

Includes bibliographical references and index

Major influenza pandemics pose a constant threat. As evidenced by recent H5N1 avian flu and novel H1N1, influenza outbreaks can come in close succession, yet differ in their transmission and impact. With accelerated levels of commercial and population mobility, new forms of flu virus can also spread across the globe with unprecedented speed. Responding quickly and adequately to each outbreak becomes imperative on the part of governments and global public health organizations, but the difficulties of doing so are legion. One tool for pandemic planning is analysis of responses to past pandemics that provide insight into productive ways forward.Chapter 1. Globalized Complexity and the Microbial Traffic of New and Emerging Infectious Disease Threats Chapter 2. Barcelona's Influenza: A Comparison of the 1889-1890 and 1918 Autumn Outbreaks Chapter 3. Prevent or Heal, Laisser Faire or Coerce: The Public Health Politics of Influenza in France, 1918-1919Chapter 4. Are Influenzas in Southern China Byproducts of its Globalizing Historical Present? Chapter 5. Recent Influenza Epidemics and Implications for Contemporary Influenza ResearchChapter 6. Influenza and the Remaking of Epidemiology, 1918-1960Chapter 7.Hong Kong Flu (1968) Revisited 40 Years LaterChapter 8. Mobility Restrictions, Isolation, and Quarantine: Historical Perspective on Contemporary DebatesChapter 9Chapter 10. Biosecurity in Time of Avian Influenza: VietnamCommentaries ConclusionEpidemics and Ethics: Comparative Insights and Critical Questions for Public Health Planning IntroductionPart 1. Reframing 1918: States, Pandemics, and Public Health Part 2. Epidemiology, Virology, and 20th Century EpidemicsPart 3. Governmental and Non-Governmental Institutions and the Politics of Epidemic ManagementScientific Influenza Research and the Management of Uncertainty: Contemporary Perspectives This book investigates past influenza pandemics in light of today's, so as to afford critical insights into possible transmission patterns, experiences, mistakes, and interventions. It explores several pandemics over the past century, from the infamous 1918 Spanish Influenza, the avian flu epidemic of 2003, and the novel H1N1 pandemic of 2009, to lesser-known outbreaks such as the 1889-90 influenza pandemic and the Hong Kong Flu of 1968. Contributors to the volume examine cases from a wide range of disciplines, including history, sociology, epidemiology, virology, geography, and public health, identifying patterns that cut across pandemics in order to guide contemporary responses to infectious outbreaks.Uses and Misuses of the History of the 1918 Pandemic: Two Integrative Essays.

Trust is an essential component of successful cooperative endeavours. The global health response to the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak confronted historically tenuous regional relationships of trust. Challenging sociopolitical contexts and initially inappropriate communication strategies impeded trustworthy relationships between communities and responders during the epidemic. Social scientists affiliated with the Ebola 100-Institut Pasteur project interviewed approximately 160 local, national and international responders holding a wide variety of roles during the epidemic. Focusing on responder's experiences of communities' trust during the epidemic, this qualitative study identifies and explores social techniques for effective emergency response. The response required individuals with diverse knowledges and experiences. Responders' included on-the-ground social mobilisers, health workers and clinicians, government officials, ambulance drivers, contact tracers and many more. We find that trust was fostered through open, transparent and reflexive communication that was adaptive and accountable to community-led response efforts and to real-time priorities. We expand on these findings to identify 'technologies of trust' that can be used to promote actively legitimate trustworthy relationships. Responders engaged the social technologies of openness (a willingness and genuine effort to incorporate multiple perspectives), reflexivity (flexibly responsive to context and ongoing dialogue) and accountability (taking responsibility for local contexts and consequences) to facilitate relations of trust. Technologies of trust contribute to the development of a framework of practical techniques to improve the acceptance and effectiveness of future emergency response strategies

International audience ; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low-and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

International audience ; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low-and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low- and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

International audience ; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low-and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

International audience ; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low-and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

International audience ; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low-and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

International audience ; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low-and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.

The global response to infectious diseases has seen a renewed interest in the use of community engagement to support research and relief efforts. From a perspective rooted in the social sciences, the concept of vulnerability offers an especially useful analytical frame for pursuing community engagement in a variety of contexts. However, few have closely examined the concept of vulnerability in community engagement efforts, leading to a need to better understand the various theories that underline the connections between the two. This literature review searched four databases (covering a total of 537 papers), resulting in 15 studies that analyze community engagement using a framing of vulnerability, broadly defined, in the context of an infectious disease, prioritizing historical and structural context and the many ways of constituting communities. The review identified historical and structural factors such as trust in the health system, history of political marginalization, various forms of racism and discrimination, and other aspects of vulnerability that are part and parcel of the main challenges faced by communities. The review found that studies using vulnerability within community engagement share some important characteristics (e.g., focus on local history and structural factors) and identified a few theoretical avenues from the social sciences which integrate a vulnerability-informed approach in community engagement. Finally, the review proposes an approach that brings together the concepts of vulnerability and community engagement, prioritizing participation, empowerment, and intersectoral collaboration.

International audience ; Along the edges of the Congo basin forest, where forest-savannah mosaics are the main ecological formation, it is important to determine how this mosaic has developed, particularly for forest protection. Have savannah lands resulted from deforestation or have forest patches expanded into them? Given the long-standing human occupation of this region, this question needs to be addressed through human-environment relationships over time. Combining oral histories of village mobility and geographical analyses of a forest-savannah mosaic in the Bolobo territory (Democratic Republic of Congo) can shed light on the landscape dynamics. This study involved nine months of daily participant observations of human land use practices, 40 individual interviews and 18 focus groups to analyse changing village mobility from the late 19th century to the present. Several maps were produced by combining oral histories of past village mobility with an evaluation of 44 GPS landmarks corresponding to former villages. Two Principal Component Analyses (PCA), based on landscape composition within a 250 m-radius buffer zone around the GPS landmarks, according to a land cover map classifying the landscape into 11 categories, were used to document forest expansion into old abandoned villages and the effect of distance from currently inhabited villages. Forest cover expanded into the abandoned villages and the savannah as a consequence of environmental eutrophication facilitating forest establishment. Forest use decreases with distance from currently inhabited villages as a result of a shift from semi-sedentary livelihoods in small settlements to entirely sedentary livelihoods in larger, extended villages. Livelihood transformations that took place during and after colonisation resulted in a decline in the quality of environmental goods and reduced the well-being of human populations. These insights can help NGO conservation and development efforts to be more sensitive to overlooked local human practices and needs. ; A lo largo de las lindes del bosque de la cuencadel Congo, donde los mosaicos bosque-sabanason la principal formación ecológica, es importantedeterminar cómo se ha desarrollado estemosaico, especialmente para la protección delbosque. ¿Las tierras de la sabana son el resultadode la deforestación o los rodales de bosquese han expandido en ellas? Dada la largaocupación humana de esta región, esta cuestióndebe abordarse a través de las relacionesentre el hombre y el medio ambiente a lo largodel tiempo. La combinación de relatos oralessobre la movilidad de los pueblos y los análisisgeográficos de un mosaico de bosque y sabanaen el territorio de Bolobo (República Democráticadel Congo) puede arrojar luz sobre la dinámicadel paisaje. Este estudio incluyó nuevemeses de observaciones participativas diariasde las prácticas en el uso del suelo, 40 entrevistasindividuales y 18 grupos de discusiónpara analizar la evolución de la movilidad delos pueblos desde finales del siglo XIX hasta laactualidad. Se elaboraron varios mapas combinandolos relatos orales sobre la movilidad delos pueblos en el pasado con una evaluaciónde 44 puntos de referencia GPS correspondientesa antiguos pueblos. Se utilizaron dosanálisis de componentes principales (ACP),basados en la composición del paisaje dentrode una zona tampón de 250 m de radio alrededorde los puntos de referencia GPS, según unmapa de cobertura del suelo que clasificaba elpaisaje en once categorías, para documentar laexpansión del bosque hacia antiguos pueblosabandonados y el efecto de la distancia a lospueblos actualmente habitados. La cubiertaforestal se expandió en los pueblos abandonadosy en la sabana como consecuencia dela eutrofización del medio ambiente, que facilitóel establecimiento del bosque. El uso delos bosques disminuye con la distancia de lospueblos actualmente habitados como resultadode un cambio de los medios de subsistenciasemisedentarios en los asentamientospequeños a los medios de subsistencia totalmentesedentarios en las poblaciones másgrandes y extensas. Las transformaciones delos medios de subsistencia que se produjerondurante y después de la colonización dieronlugar a una disminución de la calidad de losbienes ambientales y redujeron el bienestarde las poblaciones humanas. Estas observacionespueden hacer que las ONG dedicadasa la conservación y el desarrollo aumenten susensibilidad hacia las prácticas y necesidadeshumanas locales, que a menudo se omiten. ; Sur les lisières de la forêt du Bassin duCongo, où les mosaïques de forêt et desavane dominent les formations écologiques,il est important de connaître le moded'évolution de ces mosaïques, notammentpour mieux protéger la forêt. Les savanessont-elles le résultat de la déforestation, ouont-elles été envahies par des îlots forestiers? Compte tenu de l'ancienneté de l'occupationhumaine dans cette région, cettequestion doit être abordée par le biais desrelations humaines avec l'environnement aucours du temps. Le rapprochement entre leshistoires orales sur la mobilité villageoiseet l'analyse géographique d'une mosaïqueforêt-savane en territoire Bolobo (RDC) renseignesur la dynamique paysagère de larégion. La présente étude s'est basée surneuf mois d'observation participative quotidiennedes pratiques d'utilisation des sols,40 entretiens individuels et 18 groupes deréflexion mis en place pour analyser l'évolutionde la mobilité villageoise de la fin du19e siècle à nos jours. Plusieurs cartes ont étéproduites en intégrant les histoires orales surla mobilité villageoise passée et l'évaluationde 44 repères GPS correspondant à d'anciensvillages. Deux analyses en composante principale(ACP) sur la composition paysagèred'une zone tampon dans un rayon de 250 mautour des repères GPS, selon une carte ducouvert terrestre qui distingue 11 catégoriespaysagères, ont permis de documenter l'envahissementd'anciens villages abandonnéspar la forêt et l'effet de la distance depuisles villages actuels. Le couvert forestier s'estétendu dans les villages abandonnés et dansla savane en conséquence d'une eutrophisationenvironnementale favorisant l'installationde la forêt. L'exploitation forestièredécroît à mesure que l'on s'éloigne des villagesactuels en raison de la transition d'unmode d'existence semi-sédentaire dans despetits hameaux vers une existence entièrementsédentaire dans des village étendusplus grands. Les transformations des modesd'existence pendant et après la colonisationont provoqué un déclin de la qualité desbiens environnementaux et du bien-être despopulations humaines. Ces constats peuventcontribuer à une meilleure sensibilisation surdes pratiques et des besoins parfois méconnusdans les efforts des ONG pour la conservationet le développement.