Suchergebnisse

Inventing money. The origin of money ; When we invented paper money, had an economic revolution, then tried to forget the whole thing ever happened -- The murderer, the boy king, and the invention of capitalism. How goldsmiths accidentally re-invented banks (and brought panic to Britain) ; How to get rich with probability ; Finance as time travel: inventing the stock market ; John Law gets to print money ; The invention of millionaires -- More money. Everybody can have more money ; But really: can everybody have more money? -- Modern money. The gold standard: a love story ; Just don't call it a central bank ; Money is dead, long live money -- Twenty-first-century money. How two guys in a room invented a new kind of money ; A brief history of the Euro (and why the dollar works better) ; The radical dream of digital cash ; The future of money.

Transformations (from the eighteenth century to the present) of legal and cultural criteria pertaining to child custody are examined, with special reference to issues pertaining to ipso facto preference for the father or the mother as the custodial parent. Starting out with (1) the traditional doctrine which (in theory) gave the father an absolute right to custody in the event of divorce or separation, the essay traces (2) early modifications of that doctrine, with incipient concern for the child's best interests; (3) the "tender-years" doctrine, which favored the mother as the caretaker for very young children; (4) a preference (in an almost 180-degree reversal of the traditional doctrine) for the mother as the custodial parent, except in case of the presence of what were viewed as strongly disqualifying factors; and (5) the egalitarian standard, which rejects ipso facto preference based on the parent's sex. These transformations are discussed in relation to fundamental alterations in perception of sex roles and of children's rights; to changing social and economic realities; to judicial attitudes; and to trends in de facto custody arrangements. Disparities between legal principles and social practices are noted.