AbstractAfter its landslide victories of 2010, 2014 and 2018, Fidesz has introduced numerous institutional changes in the Hungarian political system. The academic research has emphasized the illiberal and antidemocratic character of these reforms, and the populist ideology of the party has been widely considered as the underlying force behind them. This study analyzes the most important reform that Fidesz has undertaken: the new Fundamental Law, enacted in 2012. We examine whether this change can be regarded as a violation of liberal democratic principles, and, if that is the case, whether it can be linked to the populist character of Fidesz. We found that some of the most criticized dispositions of the newly enacted constitution cannot be regarded as violations of liberal democratic principles, whereas other changes clearly constitute attacks to the foundations of Hungarian democracy, mainly affecting the separation of powers and the civil rights of minorities, These findings are largely consistent with the effects of populist governments on democracy as documented in the literature.
Cohesion is considered one of the main policy goals both at a EU an national level. However, there is currently a lack of a common approach to measure cohesion effects of large-scale transport infrastructure investments. Accessibility indicators have an unexploited potential in transportation assessment methodologies. Accessibility is considered an added value of locations, which represents one of the elements contributing to a region's welfare. Therefore, spatial distribution of accessibility may be used as a proxy to assess regional cohesion. This paper suggests an approach consisting in measuring changes in the spatial distribution of four different accessibility indicators, computed and mapped using a GIS support. Cohesion is subsequently measured calculating a set of inequality indices of the resulting accessibility distribution. It is possible then to assess whether disparities in regional accessibility are increased or reduced after the implementation of a new transport infrastructure. This approach is tested assessing regional cohesion effects of road and rail network developments in Spain in the period 1992-2004. Comparing the results obtained with accessibility indicators and inequality indices allows identifying the main critical factors and sources of bias. The conclusion is that for the rode mode, cohesion has improved, while regional disparities have increased for the rail mode.
This research considered as its main objective demonstrating the the need for reform of the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States to restructure the Judicial Power of the Federation in the separation o faculties of competence and jurisdiction of the guarantee trials with a deductive-inductive methodology, given how the current structure, by being generally modified, will redound in specific benefits and by the use of the historical method the study was allowed future benefits from a before, a now and a future improvement expectation, obtaining results from a comparative logicjudicial analysis with the goal of understanding the issue of the monopoly of justice administration that makes it susceptible to a wide number of opportunities of demerit to those justiciable, be it because of mala praxis and results questionable by diverse justice operators, concluding that we are currently facing substantial deficiencies in the federal jurisdiccional functions, in excess of the empire of law, and that these should be amended by the supreme Mexican Courts and that the ad hoc structure must be established as our country needs it to guarantee an efficient impartation of justice within the Mexican justice System. ; La presente investigación considera como objetivo principal el demostrar la necesidad de reformar la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, para reestructurar al Poder Judicial de la Federación en la separación de facultades de competencia y jurisdicción de los juicios de garantías, con una metodología deductivo-inductiva, ya que la estructura conformada actualmente, al ser modificada en forma general, redundará en beneficios específicos y también el uso del método histórico, que permitirá la obtención de beneficios futuros, de un antes, un ahora y la expectativa futura de mejora, obteniendo resultados de un análisis comparativo lógico-jurídico, con el fin de entender la problemática de un monopolio de la administración de justicia que lo hace susceptible de diversas áreas de oportunidad en demerito de los justiciables, por una mala praxis y resultados criticables por los diversos operadores del derecho, concluyendo que nos encontramos ante la existencia de deficiencias sustanciales en la función jurisdiccional federal, en exceso del ejercicio del imperio de la ley, mismas que deben ser enmendadas por los máximos tribunales mexicanos y establecer la reestructura ad hoc requerida en nuestro país, para garantizar la eficiente impartición de justicia, en el sistema de justicia mexicano. ; Esta pesquisa considera como objetivo principal demonstra a necessidade de reformar a Constituição Política dos Estados Unidos Mexicanos, para reestruturar o Poder Judicial da Federação na separação das faculdades de competência e jurisdição dos juízos de garantias, com uma metodologia dedutivo-indutiva, uma que vez que a estrutura conformada atualmente, ao ser modificada em forma geral, redundará em benefícios específicos e também no uso do método histórico, que permitirá a obtenção de benefícios futuros, de um antes, um agora e a expectativa de um futuro melhor, obtendo resultados de uma análise comparativa lógico-jurídico, com o fim de entender a problemática de um monopólio da administração da justiça que o faz sensível de diversas áreas de chance em demérito dos termos jurídicos, por uma má práxis e resultados criticáveis pelos operadores do direito, concluindo que estamos sob a existência de deficiências significativas na função jurisdicional federal, em excesso do exercício do império da lei, essas que devem ser emendadas pelos máximos tribunais mexicanos e estabelecer a reestrutura ad hoc requerida em nosso país, para garantir a eficiente administração da justiça, no sistema de justiça mexicano.
