Suchergebnisse

Higher rates of anxiety, depression, and attempted suicide are reported among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people compared with non-Indigenous people in Canada. This systematic review summarises the key components of mental health interventions among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science between January 1,1970, and August 30, 2019. Studies needed to be an intervention addressing suicide, depression, or anxiety. There were 14 studies: 8 quantitative, 2 qualitative, and 4 mixed methods. By geographical location, 5 were urban, 5 non-urban, and 4 included multiple areas. Beneficial interventions included ceremony, being on the land, engaging in traditional food gathering, culturally grounded indoor and outdoor activities, and the sharing of Indigenous knowledge by Elders.

Abstract Background In Australia, higher rates of chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg) have been reported among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) compared with non-Indigenous people. In 2000, the Australian government implemented a universal infant/adolescent hepatitis B vaccination program. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the disparity of HBsAg prevalence between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, particularly since 2000. Methods We searched Medline, Embase and public health bulletins up to March 2011. We used meta-analysis methods to estimate HBsAg prevalence by Indigenous status and time period (before and since 2000). Results There were 15 HBsAg prevalence estimates (from 12 studies) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous people; adults and pregnant women (n = 9), adolescents (n = 3), prisoners (n = 2), and infants (n = 1). Of these, only one subgroup (adults/pregnant women) involved studies before and since 2000 and formed the basis of the meta-analysis. Before 2000, the pooled HBsAg prevalence estimate was 6.47% (95% CI: 4.56-8.39); 16.72% (95%CI: 7.38-26.06) among Indigenous and 0.36% (95%CI:-0.14-0.86) in non-Indigenous adults/pregnant women. Since 2000, the pooled HBsAg prevalence was 2.25% (95% CI: 1.26-3.23); 3.96% (95%CI: 3.15-4.77) among Indigenous and 0.90% (95% CI: 0.53-1.28) in non-Indigenous adults/pregnant women. Conclusions The disparity of HBsAg prevalence between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people has decreased over time; particularly since the HBV vaccination program in 2000. However HBsAg prevalence remains four times higher among Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous people. The findings highlight the need for opportunistic HBV screening of Indigenous people to identify people who would benefit from vaccination or treatment.

AbstractAbundant behavioral studies have demonstrated high comorbidity of reading and handwriting difficulties in developmental dyslexia (DD), a neurological condition characterized by unexpectedly low reading ability despite adequate nonverbal intelligence and typical schooling. The neural correlates of handwriting deficits remain largely unknown; however, as well as the extent that handwriting deficits share common neural bases with reading deficits in DD. The present work used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity during handwriting and reading tasks in Chinese dyslexic children (n = 18) and age‐matched controls (n = 23). Compared to controls, dyslexic children exhibited reduced activation during handwriting tasks in brain regions supporting sensory‐motor processing (including supplementary motor area and postcentral gyrus) and visual‐orthography processing (including bilateral precuneus and right cuneus). Among these regions, the left supplementary motor area and the right precuneus also showed a trend of reduced activation during reading tasks in dyslexics. Moreover, increased activation was found in the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in dyslexics, which may reflect more efforts of executive control to compensate for the impairments of motor and visual‐orthographic processing. Finally, dyslexic children exhibited aberrant functional connectivity among brain areas for cognitive control and sensory‐motor processes during handwriting tasks. Together, these findings suggest that handwriting deficits in DD are associated with functional abnormalities of multiple brain regions implicated in motor execution, visual‐orthographic processing, and cognitive control, providing important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslexia.

El virus del síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (PRRSV) induce una respuesta inmune débil, permitiendo su persistencia en diferentes órganos de cerdos infectados. Esto se ha atribuido a la habilidad de PRRSV para influir en las respuestas inducidas por las citocinas. En este estudio, investigamos los perfiles transcripcionales de citocina en diferentes compartimentos de los ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos de cerdos infectados con tres cepas de diferentes de patogenicidad del genotipo 1 PRRSV: prototipo de baja virulencia del virus Lelystad (LV) y la cepa de campo británico 215-06 y el subtipo 3 altamente virulentas SU1-Bel aislar de Belarús. Hemos utilizado una combinación de micro-disección de captura láser (LCM) seguida por la PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real (RT-qPCR) e inmunohistoquímica (IHQ), a partir de la detección de marcadores de células inmunitarias (CD3, CD79a y MAC387) y la RT-qPCR para la cuantificación de PRRSV y los transcripciones de citocinas. Frente a un simulacro en cerdos infectados, encontramos una baja significativa en la regulación de TNF-α e IFN-α interfolicular y folicular y en las áreas de los ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos desde 3 días post-infección (ppp) en los animales infectados con cepas de los tres. Esto fue acompañado por una depleción transitoria de células B y células T y la infiltración de macrófagos en los folículos junto con la depleción de células T en lel área interfolicula. Una regulación retardada de IFN-γ e IL-23p19 se observó principalmente en los folículos. La carga de PRRSV fue superior en todas las áreas y puntos en el tiempo estudiado en los animales infectados con la cepa de Bel-SU1. Este trabajo describe la primera aplicación de LCM para estudiar la transcripción de citocinas y perfiles de distribución del virus en diferentes compartimentos del ganglio linfático de cerdos. ; Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces a weak immune response enabling it to persist in different organs of infected pigs. This has been attributed to the ability of PRRSV to influence the induction ofcytokine responses. In this study, we investigated the cytokine transcriptional profiles in different compartments ofthe mediastinal lymph node of pigs infected with three genotype 1 PRRSV strains of differing pathogenicity: the low virulence prototype Lelystad virus (LV), and UK field strain 215–06 and the highly virulent subtype 3 SU1-Bel isolate from Belarus. We have used a combination of laser capture micro-dissection (LCM) followed by real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of immune cell markers (CD3, CD79a and MAC387) and RT-qPCR quantification of PRRSV and cytokine transcripts. Compared to mock infected pigs, we found a significant downregulation of TNF-α and IFN-α in follicular and interfollicular areas of the mediastinal lymph node from 3 days post-infection (dpi) in animals infected with all three strains. This was accompanied by a transient B cell depletion and T cell and macrophage infiltration in the follicles together with T cell depletion in the interfollicular areas. A delayed upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-23p19 was observed mainly in the follicles. The PRRSV load was higher in all areas and time-points studied in the animals infected with the SU1-Bel strain. This paper describes the first application of LCM to study the cytokine transcript profiles and virus distribution in different compartments of the lymph node of pigs. ; Trabajo patrocinado por: • European Union Seventh Framework Programme: PoRRSCon y NADIR (Grant Agreements #245141 and #228394 respectivamente) • DEFRA project SE0529 • EU COST action FA0902 • British Pig Executive (BPEX) • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España): Ayuda FPI BES-2010-032408 (I+D+i) y Proyecto AGL2009-12438 • Fundación Séneca • Ministerio de Educación (España): Ayuda FPU AP2009-0704 ; peerReviewed