Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Also by Andy Green -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction: At the Sharp-End of Globalisation and Demographic Change -- The Drivers of Changes in Opportunities for Young People -- Different Perspectives on the Crisis for Youth -- Changing Opportunities in Different Domains: Education -- Employment -- Housing -- Wealth -- Benefits and Political Representation -- Chapter 2 Education, Education …Under-Employment: The Mantra That Failed -- Increasing Participation in Upper Secondary and Higher Education -- Increases in Average Qualification Levels at GCSE, Upper Secondary and Degree Level -- Trends in Levels of Knowledge and Skill -- Declines in Educational Inequalities? -- Trends in Inequalities of Qualification Levels -- Trends in Skills Inequalities -- Explaining the Trends in Skills Inequalities -- Pathways in Post 16 Education and Training -- Education and Jobs: The Declining Value of Qualifications on the Labour Market -- The Education Opportunity Balance Sheet -- Chapter 3 Young People and Employment: The Age of Uncertainty -- Young People's Perceptions of Their Employment Opportunities and How They Compare with Those of Their Parents -- Perceptions of Job Opportunities -- A Temporary Dislocation or a Long-Term Trend? -- Chapter 4 Britain's Housing Disaster and Its Effects on Young People -- Intergenerational Decline Meets Social Class Polarisation -- Chapter 5 Wealth and Welfare: Breaking the Generational Contract -- Wealth -- Intergenerational Transfers -- Chapter 6 Policies for Intergenerational Equity: (1) Education and Work -- Reducing Inequality in Lower Secondary Education -- Reforming Upper Secondary Education and Training -- Tertiary Education -- Student Finance -- Chapter 7 Policies for Intergenerational Equity Two: Housing -- Capital Gains Tax on Sales of First Homes.

education; NEET; widening participation

Der Verfasser nimmt als Ausgangspunkt die Lissabon-Ziele, denen zu Folge die EU die wettbewerbsfähigste wissensbasierte Wirtschaft in der Welt werden und ein höheres Maß an sozialer Kohäsion erreichen will, und fragt nach der Rolle lebenslangen Lernens in diesem Zusammenhang. Er stellt verschiedene Modelle der Wissensökonomie und Wissensgesellschaft in der EU dar und fragt nach den dazu passenden Konzepten lebenslangen Lernens. Neben den Staaten Westeuropas werden auch einige Konkurrenten aus dem OECD-Raum behandelt. Der Verfasser unterscheidet drei Modelle der Wissensgesellschaft mit unterschiedlichen Lernkonzepten, die gleichzeitig unterschiedliche geographisch-kulturelle Räume repräsentieren: das neoliberale Modell des angelsächsischen Raumes, das Modell der sozialen Marktwirtschaft in Kerneuropa (Österreich, Belgien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Luxemburg, Niederlande) und die sozialdemokratischen Modelle Nordeuropas. Die sozialdemokratischen Modelle sind die produktivsten und weisen die höchste soziale Kohäsion sowie die niedrigste Ungleichheit auf. (ICEÜbers). Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten.

This study extends the comparative model of country groups to analyse the cross-national trends in the higher education expansion and opportunities. We use descriptive data on characteristics and outcomes of HE systems in different countries groups, including the liberal market countries, the social democratic countries, the Mediterranean countries, the German speaking countries, the Northern states and the East Asian societies. At the theoretical level, we assess the validity of the Maximally Maintained Theory in the cross-national contexts. We confirm the MMI theory in general patterns of the expansion of higher education opportunities; however, we argue that it is not sufficient to provide accounts on specific country differences in the strength of the relationship between participation rates and inequality of opportunities. Therefore, we explain the divergences from the general pattern of higher participation being associated with lower inequality. We propose three main contenders including the privation contribution to higher education (the liberal countries), less hierarchical HE systems, the participation in the dual HE system and greater public support and entitlements (the Nordic and German speaking countries). We use a series of indicators on the trends of participation in HE and different types of universities, the private contribution to HE, and the trends of public support and entitlements to assess the three contenders. Thus, we argue that there are different patterns of the trade-offs between expansion and equalising opportunities. Most rapid expansion in countries with high private contributions to HE and little government support for students mainly because governments can then afford more places but equalisation of opportunities from the expansion in these systems is limited because of financial barriers to access to less well off groups. Most egalitarian systems seem to have somewhat lower participation rates with lower fees and strong government support such as the Social Democratic and the German Speaking countries.

Social theorists frequently argue that social cohesion is under threat in developed societies from the multiple pressures of globalisation. This article seeks to test this hypothesis through examining the trends across countries and regions in key indicators of social cohesion, including social and political trust, tolerance and perceptions of conflict. It finds ample evidence of long-term declines in cohesion in many countries, not least as exemplified by the erosion of social and political trust, which is particularly dramatic in the UK. The trends are not entirely convergent, since on most indicators Nordic countries have become more cohesive, yet each country faces challenges. In the final section the authors argue that different 'regimes of social cohesion' can be identified in specific clusters of countries which are based on different cultural and institutional foundations. In the 'liberal model', which applies in the UK and the US, the greatest threat to cohesion comes not from increasing cultural diversity, but from increasing barriers to mobility and the subsequent atrophy of faith in individual opportunity and meritocratic rewards — precisely those beliefs which have traditionally held liberal societies together.

Disparities in educational opportunities and attainments contribute a great deal to social and economic inequalities in the UK and other developed countries. First, it is well known that educational attainments are strongly positively related to employment rates and to pay. For example, among persons aged 25–59 in the UK, about 89 per cent of university graduates were employed in 2009 compared to 78 per cent of those whose highest qualifications were classified to Level 2 of the National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) framework. At the same time average gross hourly earnings for 25–59 year old graduates in employment were roughly 80 per cent higher than for people in the same age group with NVQ Level 2 qualifications.

Wetlands are key habitats connected physically and socially with processes occurring over a much wider territory. The biotic connection through dispersal mechanisms among wetlands is of primary importance to wetland management and policies. However, traditional wetland conservation approaches are based on the preservation of isolated sites considered to be of special importance (typically owing to their importance for concentrations of migratory waterbirds). Research linking local species richness and bird migration suggests that the effect of wetland loss on regional diversity might be much larger than what would be expected from direct habitat loss. Since the biotic connection among wetlands serviced by waterbirds appears to be more efficient within a limited range, the distribution of wetlands in space is a key aspect determining wetland connectedness even in the absence of direct hydrologic links. Protected areas should thus be defined with regard to waterfowl movements and waterbird migration as functional processes contributing to aquatic species migration and local species richness. This calls for a regional approach to wetland management within a continental context. This paper aims at defining an operational view of the dispersion function of wetlands and its implication for conservation policies. For this purpose, we examined the conservation policies of the Ramsar Convention (the international treaty that protects wetlands) and the European Union (as an example of relevant continental level policy-making) from the viewpoint of bird-mediated dispersal of aquatic organisms. We propose nine specific avenues for the inclusion of bird-mediated dispersal in the policy documents examined. Non-governmental organisations and other organisations working in waterbird conservation should also recognise the importance of their policies for aquatic biodiversity at broader levels and avoid compartmentalising their conservation activities. ; Peer reviewed