Suchergebnisse

Hydropower energy is a clean alternative energy that has less impact on global climate change than fossil energy. However, the subsequent displacement and resettlement caused by dam construction is a global challenge perplexing the displaced population and the stability of the local socio-economic system. Without proper reconstruction and rehabilitation, the resettlers were highly risked in impoverishment. The Chinese government has formulated and implemented the post-relocation support (PReS) policy for reservoir resettlement and has continuously supported the resettlers to improve their livelihoods and socio-economic conditions since 2006. This paper focus on the 20 years dimension before and after policy formation, tests the variation of resettlers' livelihood capital and explores the effectiveness of the PReS policy and its blank spots based on a survey of 360 affected households by three big hydroelectric dams in China. The results show that reservoir resettlers would have caused the overall decline of resettlers' livelihood capital. The prominent problem is that the reduction of land resources and population relocation leads to the changes of resettlers' livelihood diversification and lifestyle change, which puts forward new requirements for the improvement of job skills and personal capability; the policy plays a significant role in rapidly improving the social, economic, and physical assets of resettlers in the early stage of reservoir resettlement; from the time scale of 15 years of policy implementation, the resettlement policy has an obvious slow-release effect on making up for the improvement of natural resources development and human capital; there are still blank spots in the current resettlement policy. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust and extend the policy for specific groups of people.

Many scholars have considered the relationship between the government response to COVID-19, an important social intervention strategy, and the COVID-19 infection rate. However, few have examined the sustained impact of an early government response on the COVID-19 infection rate. The current paper fills this gap by investigating a national survey performed in February 2020 and infection data from Chinese cities surveyed 1.5 years after the outbreak of COVID-19. The results suggest that the Chinese government&rsquo ; s early response to COVID-19 significantly and sustainedly reduced China&rsquo ; s COVID-19 infection rate, and that this impact worked through risk perception, the adoption of protective action recommendations (PARs), and the chain-mediating effects of risk perception and the adoption of PARs, respectively. These findings have important practical value. In demonstrating how government response and infection rate at the macro level are connected to the behaviour of individuals at the micro level, they suggest feasible directions for curbing the spread of diseases such as COVID-19. When facing such public health emergencies, the focus should be on increasing the public&rsquo ; s risk perception and adoption of PARs.

Carbon leakage can be a problem when seeking to reduce carbon emissions through forest policy. International market leakage is mainly caused by supply and demand imbalances in the timber market. This paper selects China, which is implementing forestry policy changes, as the research object. We begin by offering a brief analysis of China's forestry policy changes, such as the logging quota and Six Key Forestry Programs to determine whether those policies affect timber supply. Second, through the use of three shock variables, carbon leakage is simulated under different scenarios by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. The results reveal that the magnitude of leakage caused by implementing China's forestry policies is between 79.7% and 88.8% with carbon leakage mainly displaced to Russia, Southeast Asia, and the EU. Two effective scenarios for reducing market leakage are presented: forest tenure reform and fast growing forest projects to improve domestic timber production, and raising tariffs on timber imports to reduce imports.

Global climate change and its influence on human migration have caused heated debates. There is no consensus about the role of environmental change in shaping migration decisions. To amass more evidence and develop a deeper understanding of the relations between the environment and migration, this paper seeks to evaluate the importance of various drivers (economic, social, political, demographic, and environmental drivers) and determine the internal mechanism in the decision process. The Likert scale was used as the tool for measuring each respondent&rsquo ; s perception of the drivers, and the within-group interrater agreement index was used to express the survey data and to select the actual driving forces. As a result, economic, social, and political factors were strong forces that promoted migration directly, while demographic and environmental factors were moderate or weak forces that promoted migration indirectly. The migrants&rsquo ; core consideration was to effectively reduce family risks and sustain their livelihoods by moving to a destination to improve their household income, keep their original social networks, and obtain housing allowances from the local government. Land degradation and meteorological disasters were rooted in the vulnerability and risks of a family, and these factors indirectly influenced the people&rsquo ; s decisions by affecting the socioeconomic drivers. We concluded that isolating the environmental drivers from other drivers underlying migration decisions is difficult. Additionally, the internal mechanism indicated that both environmental and non-environmental factors all have an impact on choice in different ways. Future policies should be aimed at increasing sustainable livelihoods and the social resilience of migrant families at a personal level, balancing the development levels of the original locations and destinations, and strengthening international cooperation to reduce the negative effects of climate change at the regional level.

Front Cover -- Environmental Consciousness in China -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Stories repeat again and again -- 1.1 England, 19th century -- 1.2 The United States, 20th century -- 1.2.1 July 1943 -- 1.2.2 October 1948 -- 1.2.3 November 1966 -- 1.3 Japan, 20th century -- 1.3.1 1960 to 1972 -- 1.4 China, 21th century -- 1.4.1 April 15, 2015 -- 1.4.2 December 1, 2015 -- 1.5 Economic development echo? -- 2. Environmental issues to protection: the United States versus China -- 2.1 Ancient era-environmental issues emerges -- 2.2 1950s to 1960s-awakening in the United States -- 2.2.1 The United States: budding and awakening -- 2.2.2 China: no consciousness -- 2.3 1960s to 1970s-initiation stage in China -- 2.3.1 The United States: comprehensive transformation -- 2.3.2 China: initiation stage -- 2.4 1970s to 1980s-laws established -- 2.4.1 The United States: the recoil after the recession -- 2.4.2 China: keep up with the pace -- 2.5 1990s-growth of environmental consciousness -- 2.5.1 The United States: inner consciousness -- 2.5.2 China: reference and development -- 2.6 The 21st century -- 2.6.1 The United States: reflections on modernity -- 2.6.2 China: mobilization of the nation -- 3. From movements to measurement -- 3.1 The movement trend-The United States and China -- 3.2 The measurement tool -- 3.3 Measure the environmental consciousness -- 3.4 Environmental consciousness in China -- 4. From a longitudinal study to cross-sectional study -- 4.1 Research design and hypothesize -- 4.2 Three groups of residents -- 4.3 Different consciousness level -- 5. What drives environmental consciousness? -- 5.1 Pollution drive model -- 5.1.1 Theory review -- 5.1.2 Description of the questionnaires -- 5.1.3 Verify the pollution-driven theory -- 5.2 Constructivism model -- 5.2.1 Theory review.

Development Project (DP) is creating the benefits for all and taking benefit-sharing (BS) as a goal. BS involves paying something above the fair market compensation or replacement value of the assets lost in the displacement and resettlement. BS becomes more important and complicated when the lost assets are not transacted as commodities in a market. BS is a key to resolve the challenges on impoverishment caused development induced displacement and resettlement globally. An innovated BS approach and methodology for land asset securitization (LAS) is proposed. It takes occupied lands as capital investment in the DP rather than for displaced assets' compensation only based on natural resources transfer theory. LAS takes the approach in lands resourcing, land resources capitalization and land assets securitization. It establishes the mechanism to arrange additional benefits for resettlers. It enables rural resettlers to receive appropriate compensation to sustain basic livelihoods at the DP construction and early commercial operation stage as well as share profits equally during full operation. LAS will prevent either the hydropower developer or the government from having interests in securitized assets. LAS is a sustainable approach to promote win-win among resettlers, developers, governments, and civil society.

The capital city is characterized as a multifunctional city that has diplomatic missions, government institutions and economic centers that are so developed that often the capital is chosen as a city of urbanization by the Government. In Indonesia, floods often hit Jakarta and paralyze economic and governmental activities. To overcome the various problems of the capital, one solution that can be considered by a country is to move its capital. In Indonesia, the discourse to move the capital has a long history. This discourse arose against the background of various complex Jakarta problems. Indonesia needs to consider these three factors in the analysis to move its capital, not only the analysis in the country, but also the analysis of the experiences of other countries in the world that have moved its capital. The experience of various countries that have moved their capital cities will provide input and considerations, which could be used as a more appropriate analytical method to examine problems in Indonesia.

Resettlement and development: the challenging journey -- Development-induced displacement in Bangladesh: the new land law and resettlement guidelines -- India's historic land acquisition and resettlement law: journey of triumph and hope -- Country safeguard systems in Sri Lanka: recent changes in the land acquisition law and its impact -- Evolution of land administration law and resettlement regulation in China: Setting New Standards -- Transmigration, resettlement and development in Indonesia: does the 2012 law represent a paradigm shift? -- Forced displacement and resettlement: refugees and resettlers in Afghanistan -- Urban house demolition policies in China: a review and analysis -- Resettlement and development in Cambodia: land rights, compensation and policy gaps -- Resettlement laws and policies in the Philippines: are they relevant today? -- Resettlement in hydropower projects in Pakistan: lessons from case studies and way forward -- Land reforms and ownerships in Central Asian countries: acquisition and resettlement management in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan -- 'Fair compensation' under India's new land acquisition law: provisions and practices -- Valuation of land for fair and just compensation: methodological issues and challenges in India -- Innovative financing mechanisms for resettlement: the Three Gorges project, China -- Development and tribal rights in Cambodia: laws, policies and regulations -- FPIC as indigenous peoples empowerment tool: case studies from Nepal and Russia -- The changing balance of statute and negotiated agreement: research in Lao PDR resettlement policy and practice -- The rights of scheduled tribes of India: a review and comparison with the international legal regimes -- Beyond legal rights and titles: rehabilitation of slum dwellers of Mumbai -- Land pooling for development projects in India: a critical analysis -- The future of resettlement and development.

Many scholars have considered the relationship between the government response to COVID-19, an important social intervention strategy, and the COVID-19 infection rate. However, few have examined the sustained impact of an early government response on the COVID-19 infection rate. The current paper fills this gap by investigating a national survey performed in February 2020 and infection data from Chinese cities surveyed 1.5 years after the outbreak of COVID-19. The results suggest that the Chinese government's early response to COVID-19 significantly and sustainedly reduced China's COVID-19 infection rate, and that this impact worked through risk perception, the adoption of protective action recommendations (PARs), and the chain-mediating effects of risk perception and the adoption of PARs, respectively. These findings have important practical value. In demonstrating how government response and infection rate at the macro level are connected to the behaviour of individuals at the micro level, they suggest feasible directions for curbing the spread of diseases such as COVID-19. When facing such public health emergencies, the focus should be on increasing the public's risk perception and adoption of PARs.