Suchergebnisse

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The current level of urbanisation in Pakistan, approximately
33 percent in 1998, is not high by global standards.1 But it is commonly
linked with unemployment, underemployment, shortage of housing,
transport and other infrastructure like water supply and sewerage.
Compared to other areas of population dynamics, such as fertility and
mortality, studies in the field of urbanisation and internal migration
in Pakistan are rather limited. During the last three decades hardly
half a dozen studies could be added in the field of urbanisation. These
studies are primarily based on data generated by the different
censuses.2 After the 1979 Population Labour Force and Migration (PLM)
Survey, no nationally representative survey addressing the issue of
urbanisation and internal migration could be carried out. Even regional
studies could not be conducted during the last two decades.

The present study used the 1995-96 Pakistan Integrated
Household Survey data to determine the socio-economic, demographic, and
environmental covariates of both prevalence and duration of diarrhoea
among children under five in Pakistan. Seven logit models were estimated
to determine factors influencing the probability of occurrence of
diarrhoea. Seven Proportional Hazards Models were used to examine
factors determining the duration of diarrhoea. Results revealed that
around 20 percent of children under five suffered from diarrhoea in the
30 days prior to the survey. Child's age was negatively associated with
diarrhoea morbidity. Children who had measles immunisation were less
likely than children without this immunisation to have diarrhoea. The
study also revealed that in controlling the occurrence of diarrhoea
among children, sanitation facilities seemed to be more important than
the supply of drinking-water. With respect to the duration of diarrhoea,
the hazard models showed that younger children, particularly under the
age of two, were relatively at a greater risk to suffer from longer
diarrhoea episode. The use of Nimkol (ORT) showed a significant and
positive effect on recovering quickly from the diarrhoea morbidity. The
findings of the study suggest that mothers should be given health
education so that they are familiar with the simply prepared treatment,
Nimkol, and have knowledge about personal hygiene, and specially of
preparing supplementary foods for children.

With the abolition of Mirdom in 1972, social and economic
change picked up in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Apart from the
government, the other significant agent of change has been the Aga Khan
Rural Support Programme (AKRSP). For any such programme to be successful
it is important that the programme is designed, implemented and managed,
keeping in view the local socio-economic conditions, ecology and, most
importantly, characteristics of the poor. This paper is based on a study
conducted in two villages, Rabat and Chaprote, in the Nagar Sub-division
of Gilgit District, in 1990-91.1 It seeks to examine the projects
launched by the AKRSP, the relevance of these projects to the local
context, and their performance at the micro-level.