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In the late 1920s, great American industrial giant, Andrew Carnegie found, Modern American charitable trusts. In Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth,"-its' basic principle lays the ideological foundation for modern American foundations. His thoughts on wealth are bold. It challenges, creativity, which inspires scientific administration and application of wealth surplus to benefit society. Society, thus, gains long-term stability and; beneficiaries reap long-lasting social interests. From the late 1930s to the beginning of the 20th century, Americans regarded philanthropy as one of the most effective ways for public figures to build societal image. Some readings and books related to Carnegie's philosophy on Philanthropy. Challenge whether traditional understandings on wealthy individuals' philanthropy were either passively motivated or ill-intentioned. Using Andrew Carnegie's philosophy on philanthropy as a case study, this article studies the most important economic and political figure Andrew Carnegie in the period of American industrialization. This article analyzes his thoughts and practices, its influences on the country's philanthropic culture, as well as continuing developments on socialist democratic society.

Jiangbo Hu,1,* Dilong Chen,2,* Rong Jiang,2 Qunyou Tan,3 Biyue Zhu,4 Jingqing Zhang11Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 4West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this workPurpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the improved absorption and in vivo kinetic characteristics of a novel water-in-oil nanoemulsion containing evodiamine–phospholipid nanocomplex (NEEPN) when administered orally.Methods: NEEPN was fabricated by loading an evodiamine–phospholipid nanocomplex into a water-in-oil nanoemulsive system. The gastrointestinal absorption of NEEPN was investigated using an in situ perfusion method. The modified in vivo kinetic characteristics of evodiamine (EDA) in NEEPN were also evaluated.Results: Compared with EDA or conventional nanoemulsions containing EDA instead of evodiamine–phospholipid complex, NEEPN with its favorable in vivo kinetic characteristics clearly enhanced the gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of EDA; for example, the relative bioavailability of NEEPN to free EDA was calculated to be 630.35%, and the effective permeability of NEEPN in the colon was 8.64-fold that of EDA.Conclusion: NEEPN markedly improved the oral bioavailability of EDA, which was probably due to its increased gastrointestinal absorption. NEEPN also increased efficacy and reduced adverse effects for oral delivery of EDA. Such finding demonstrates great clinical significance as an ideal drug delivery system demands high efficacy and no adverse effects.Keywords: nanoemulsive system, evodiamine–phospholipid, nanocomplexes, gastrointestinal absorption, oral bioavailability, water-in-oil

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the critical role played by cultural flow in fostering successful expatriate cross-border transitions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop and test a model on the interplay among cultural intelligence, organizational position level, cultural flow direction and expatriate adaptation, using a data set of 387 expatriate on cross-border transitions along the Belt & Road area.FindingsThe authors find that both organizational position level and cultural flow moderate the relationship between cultural intelligence and expatriate adaptation, whereby the relationship is contingent on the interaction of organizational position status and assignment directions between high power distance and low power distance host environments.Originality/valuePrevious research has shown that higher levels of cultural intelligence are positively related to better expatriate adaptation. However, there is a lack of research on the effect of position difference and cultural flow on such relationship. Our study is among the first to examine how the interaction between cultural flow and organizational position level influences the cultural intelligence (CI) and cultural adjustment relationship in cross-cultural transitions.

Background: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs are increasingly important for the pharmaceutical industry across the globe. In China, mAb drug developments face many challenges. Multiple policies have been implemented recently to reinforce support in various areas. This study aims to investigate the latest landscape of mAb drugs in China from policy perspectives encompassing R&D, clinical trials, marketing approval, and talent pools. Methods: Information about mAb drugs approved in the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China by 2017 and mAb-related policies in China were retrieved from government websites and third-party statistical databases for descriptive, statistical, and comparative analysis. Results and discussion: In China, 21 mAb drugs (10 locally-developed and 11 imported) have so far been approved. For the 11 imported mAb drugs in China, the median drug lag in the marketing approval was estimated at 87.1 months, compared with the U.S. (0 months), the EU (8.9 months), and Japan (43.4 months). However, as far as the dramatically changing innovation supporting system in China is concerned, emergence of new biopharmaceutical companies, transformation of the current drug companies and their shift to antibody therapy, and the pooling of high-level talent contribute to mAb development in China. The number of clinical trials and marketing applications and approvals involving mAb drugs is also growing. Favorable policies will continue to play a role in the sustainable development of mAb drugs in China. Conclusion: The research showed that the reform of multiple policies and incentives for attracting/retaining high-level talent has evidently been effective in addressing the drug lag of mAb drugs in China. In future development, China should actively monitor the global R&D outcomes and industrial development trends of mAb drugs and make the policy environment more attractive to enable more mAb drugs to be marketed in China as soon as possible.

Qunyou Tan,1,* Rong Jiang,3,* Meiling Xu,2,4,* Guodong Liu,5,* Songlin Li,1 Jingqing Zhang21Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, 3Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research, Chongqing Medical University, 4Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, 5Eighth Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workBackground: Pyridostigmine bromide (3-[[(dimethylamino)-carbonyl]oxy]-1-methylpyridinium bromide), a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, is given orally in tablet form, and a treatment schedule of multiple daily doses is recommended for adult patients. Nanotechnology was used in this study to develop an alternative sustained-release delivery system for pyridostigmine, a synthetic drug with high solubility and poor oral bioavailability, hence a Class III drug according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Novel nanosized pyridostigmine-poly(lactic acid) microcapsules (PPNMCs) were expected to have a longer duration of action than free pyridostigmine and previously reported sustained-release formulations of pyridostigmine.Methods: The PPNMCs were prepared using a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method to achieve sustained-release characteristics for pyridostigmine. The preparation process for the PPNMCs was optimized by single-factor experiments. The size distribution, zeta potential, and sustained-release behavior were evaluated in different types of release medium.Results: The optimal volume ratio of inner phase to external phase, poly(lactic acid) concentration, polyvinyl alcohol concentration, and amount of pyridostigmine were 1:10, 6%, 3% and 40 mg, respectively. The negatively charged PPNMCs had an average particle size of 937.9 nm. Compared with free pyridostigmine, PPNMCs showed an initial burst release and a subsequent very slow release in vitro. The release profiles for the PPNMCs in four different types of dissolution medium were fitted to the Ritger-Peppas and Weibull models. The similarity between pairs of dissolution profiles for the PPNMCs in different types of medium was statistically significant, and the difference between the release curves for PPNMCs and free pyridostigmine was also statistically significant.Conclusion: PPNMCs prepared by the optimized protocol described here were in the nanometer range and had good uniformity, with significantly slower pyridostigmine release than from free pyridostigmine. This novel sustained-release delivery nanosystem for pyridostigmine might alleviate the need to identify new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.Keywords: nanosized microcapsules, process optimization, characteristics, sustained-release, pyridostigmine bromide

Analyses of genetic polymorphism data have the potential to be highly informative about the demographic history of Native American populations, but due to a combination of historical and political factors, there are essentially no autosomal sequence polymorphism data from any Native American group. However, there are many resequencing studies involving Latinos, whose genomes contain segments inherited from their Native American ancestors. In this study, we introduce a new method for estimating local ancestry across the genomes of admixed individuals and show how this method, along with dense genotyping and targeted resequencing, can be used to assay genetic variation in ancestral Native American groups. We analyze roughly 6 Mb of resequencing data from 22 Mexican Americans to provide the first large-scale view of sequence level variation in Native Americans. We observe low levels of diversity and high levels of linkage disequilibrium in the Native American-derived sequences, consistent with a recent severe population bottleneck associated with the initial peopling of the Americas. Using two different computational approaches, one novel, we estimate that this bottleneck occurred roughly 12.5 Kya; when uncertainty in the estimation process is taken into account, our results are consistent with archeological estimates for the colonization of the Americas.