Suchergebnisse

"High and rising prices in Chinese housing markets have attracted global attention, as well as the interest of the Chinese government and its regulators. Housing markets look very risky based on the stylized facts we document. Price-to-rent ratios in Beijing and seven other large markets across the country have increased from 30% to 70% since the beginning of 2007. Current price-to-rent ratios imply very low user costs of no more than 2%-3% of house value. Very high expected capital gains appear necessary to justify such low user costs of owning. Our calculations suggest that even modest declines in expected appreciation would lead to large price declines of over 40% in markets such as Beijing, absent offsetting rent increases or other countervailing factors. Price-to-income ratios also are at their highest levels ever in Beijing and select other markets. Much of the increase in prices is occurring in land values. Using data from the local land auction market in Beijing, we are able to produce a constant quality land price index for that city. Real, constant quality land values have increased by nearly 800% since the first quarter of 2003, with half that rise occurring over the past two years. State-owned enterprises controlled by the central government have played an important role in this increase, as our analysis shows they paid 27% more than other bidders for an otherwise equivalent land parcel"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

Energy transition is crucial for mitigating climate change and has over the past decades risen to become a key international policy ambition. Energy transition is a highly complex, dynamic and multi-dimensional process involving a multitude of actors and networks. Energy transition is also spatially sensitive, and therefore it is crucially linked with spatial planning. Pursuing energy transition in an urban context requires institutional designs and related planning approaches that allow for area-specific solutions. There are two important and ongoing shifts in the governance of energy transition: 1) a shift from government to governance, and 2) increased decentralisation and use of area-specific approaches. Planning for Energy Transition is particularly interested in how both these possible changes in energy governance can work out within the Chinese top-down political scheme. In response, two analytical lenses are used for studying the institutional design of Chinese urban energy governance. The first lens is that of policy implementation, with a focus on how national energy policies are impacting local energy governance. The second lens is that of integrated and collaborative strategies at a local level, with a focus on cross-sectoral working within governments and between governments and other societal stakeholders. Planning for Energy Transition highlights the value of an area-specific and associated decentralised approach to energy transition that emphasizes integration of policy and collaboration of actors and institutions into Chinese urban governance. Capitalizing on this added value, however, depends crucially on Chinese centralized-oriented energy governance for both enabling and sufficiently stimulating local willingness and ability.

Mit dem starken Wirtschaftswachstum der letzten Jahre ist der Import nach China insbesondere in der Medizintechnik enorm gestiegen. Allerdings sind die Bemühungen, durch Import der medizintechnischen Geräte die Infrastruktur und Technologie im Gesundheitswesen so schnell wie möglich zu verbessern, nicht so erfolgreich wie erwartet. Dies liegt unter anderem im mangelhaften Management und in nicht ausreichend vorhandenen Rahmenbedingungen begründet. Es zeigt sich immer deutlicher, dass die Einführung neuer Technologien eine entsprechend angepasste Arbeitsgestaltung erfordert. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert und bewertet die in der Praxis bisher angewandten Instandhaltungsstrategien und deren Auswahlgrundlagen hinsichtlich arbeitswissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass der Entwicklungsprozess der Instandhaltungsstrategien einen Prozess von einem erfahrungsgeleiteten Vorgehen zu einem systematisch geleiteten Vorgehen darstellt. Aus den empirischen Untersuchungen in verschiedenen Krankenhäusern in der Provinz Zhejiang lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die importierten medizintechnischen Geräte ein systematisch geleitetes Vorgehen erfordern, während die Instandhaltungsarbeit in China vorrangig erfahrungsgeleitet erfolgt. Aufgrund dieser Diskrepanz zwischen dem vorherrschenden erfahrungsgeleiteten Vorgehen und der geforderten systematisch geleiteten Strategie wird ein angemessenes Entwicklungskonzept erarbeitet, dass es den chinesischen Krankenhäusern ermöglicht, schrittweise eine systematische Instandhaltung einzuführen. Aufgrund dieser diskursiven und empirischen Analysen und unter Berücksichtigung der entsprechenden ökonomischen, politischen, organisatorischen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen in China wurde eine Implementierungsstrategie entwickelt, die die chinesischen Krankenhäuser anwenden können, um die Instandhaltungsarbeit zu systematisieren und damit zu verbessern. Die Implementierungsstrategie besteht aus einem siebenstufige Vorgehen und basiert auf dem Managementmodell von Simon. Aufgrund mangelnder Autonomie der Klinikdirektoren von den Behörden hinsichtlich derartiger Organisationsveränderung in chinesischen Krankenhäusern werden auf verschiedenen Managementebenen unterschiedliche Schwerpunkte betont. Hinsichtlich der Implementierung eines systematisch geleiteten Vorgehens für die Instandhaltung werden die Rahmenbedingungen abgeleitet die durch die Regierung in China geschaffen werden müssen.

Older adult suicide rates vary widely within Europe, and differential welfare policies might contribute to this. We studied variations in economic indicators and suicide rates of people 65+ across 28 European countries and examined the effects of these indicators on suicide rates, grouping countries according to their socio-political systems and welfare regimes. Suicide data was obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Union Labour Force Survey provided data on economic indicators. Linear mixed models were applied. Suicide rates ranged from 4.22/100,000 (Cyprus) to 36.37/100,000 (Hungary). Material deprivation was related to elevated suicide rates in both genders in the pooled data set and in men but not women in the Continental and Island countries. Higher ratio of median income (65+/under 65) was associated with lower likelihood of suicide in women in the South-Eastern European countries. In the Nordic region, the 65+ employment rate was associated with a decreased likelihood of suicide in men. These factors to some extent show economic insecurity against older people, which influences the likelihood of suicide. Active labor market policies and inclusive social environment may contribute to suicide prevention in this age group.

The appeal and vibrancy of urban waterfronts are catalysts for urban progress and sustainable urban development. This study aims to thoroughly explore the temporal characteristics of waterfront vibrancy and explore people&rsquo ; s behavioral preferences for various types of waterfronts at various times. On the basis of social media data, this study uses the seasonal index analysis method to classify waterfronts. Then, the kernel density estimation was used to analyze the spatial structure of different types of waterfronts. Finally, temporally weighted regression was used to indicate people&rsquo ; s preferences for various types of waterfronts. In general, results show the different temporal characteristics of users in waterfronts at different times and their behavioral preferences for waterfronts as the reasons behind these preface characteristics. First, on weekdays, people tend to visit daily waterfronts close to residences, and people find it convenient to walk after 18:00 and engage in recreational activities dominated by consumption and exercise, which reach a peak at 22:00&ndash ; 24:00. Second, on weekends, people prefer the weekend waterfronts with complete entertainment facilities and cultural themes. The natural seasonal waterfronts with seasonal landscapes attract people in various seasons, such as spring and autumn, whereas the social seasonal waterfront may be more attractive during high seasons, especially in March and June, due to big water events or nearby colleges and universities. Therefore, the government should improve the facilities of various types of waterfronts to satisfy people&rsquo ; s preferences at different times and help in proposing targeted suggestions with reference to future city waterfront planning and space design, contributing to the waterfronts&rsquo ; vitality improvement, urban features, and promotion of urban sustainable development.

Ecological civilization is the inevitable route of human development. However, the practice of ecological civilization is not as positive as expected, especially for college students. Hence, the aim of this research is to investigate how to strengthen the practice of college students towards ecological civilization in China. Based on the Triandis&rsquo ; Interpersonal Behavior Model, a questionnaire survey is performed to explore the status quo of factors affecting college students&rsquo ; ecological civilization behaviors. Results reveal that society does not provide enough facilities for ecological civilization. Thus, as personal interests conflicting with the environment, some college students would not carry out the concept of ecological civilization. Meanwhile, though most of college students have the right attitude and good habits of water saving and waste batteries proposal, the guidance of ecological civilization for the habits of takeout and online shopping has not been formed. Also, college students could not actively participate in ecological civilization construction. Therefore, to strengthen ecological civilization practice, it is indispensable to acquire joint efforts from individuals, government, families, universities and social organizations. The practice of ecological civilization is inseparable from the efforts of every college student. Besides, the government, every social organization, every family, and every university should create appropriate facilitating conditions, so that college students could form ecological civilization habits consciously. At the same time, universities, society and family should form good social reference standards to directly and indirectly educate college students so as to help them identify their roles and self-concept.

With the decline of the big industrial period, many industrial cities in China are facing the problem of urban transformation. Post-industrial economic activities and social life often replace the demand for land and population growth, and the particular type of cultural heritage of industrial heritage is often abandoned and decayed. Recent domestic and foreign research has responded to this problem and sought to provide solutions for the protection and reuse of industrial heritage. Despite some progress, the advice and feelings of ordinary citizens are often rarely considered, or how local urban characteristics become the core of urban reconstruction. To solve this problem, the focus of this study is the case study of Pingdingshan City. Pingdingshan is an industrial city with coal as its core industry. Shortly, the problem of industrial heritage will be a severe problem facing the city. The study included research designs and methods for collecting data from field observations, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies. In the process, researchers have critically considered the importance and implications of public participation in exploring the way in which they are protected and reused through the protection and reuse of industrial heritage. It is particularly worth mentioning that in the reconstruction of the protection and reuse of industrial heritage in Pingdingshan, government officials and enterprises lack sensitivity to local conditions and the views of residents. The study concluded that the protection and reuse of industrial heritage require public participation and that the public's demands can guide and determine the way industrial heritage is protected and reused.

Local governments around mainland China initiated over 14,000 public&ndash ; private partnership (PPP) projects with a total investment of 18 billion RMB in recent years, but nearly half have been withdrawn since the end of 2017, which raised wide concerns about whether PPP can contribute to the sustainable infrastructure development in urban China. In this study, we empirically investigated major factors affecting local governments&rsquo ; PPP adoption, especially factors that led local governments to initiate inappropriate PPP projects. Based on a unique panel dataset of 286 Chinese cities between 2014 and 2017, the empirical findings suggested that local governments&rsquo ; financial pressure was the most important factor and cities with higher off-budgetary debts or lower budgetary deficits tended to initiate more PPP projects. PPP projects initiated under off-budgetary burdens were more likely to be inappropriate and subsequently withdrawn. Based on the empirical results, we provide policy suggestions to promote sustainable PPP developments in China.

AbstractDespite growing calls to analyse internal migration as a life‐course trajectory, most studies use the last recorded migration based on a dichotomy between migrants and non‐migrants. Leveraging the maturation of longitudinal surveys and methodological advances, this paper establishes the diversity and complexity of individual migration trajectories and their long‐term association with subjective well‐being. We apply sequence and cluster analysis to the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data to establish the migration trajectories of millennials from the ages of 15–18 to 27–30 based on the timing, frequency, and direction of migration between regions. We then combine data mining techniques, machine learning algorithms and regression analysis to explore the association between internal migration trajectories and economic and social subjective well‐being (SWB). We find that a full third of young adults are repeat migrants split between return migrants, serial onward migrants, and circular migrants. Repeat migrants often exhibit lower levels of life satisfaction. Successive migrations cumulatively shape life satisfaction, as shown by a negative association between serial onward migration and social SWB. Additionally, return migrants are less satisfied with their economic outcomes, particularly when return migration occurs after two consecutive onward migrations or when return migration occurs early in adulthood. Collectively, these results reveal heterogeneity in migration trajectories that are missed when migration is treated as a one‐off event while suggesting that internal migrants operate a trade‐off between social and economic outcomes over the life course.