Suchergebnisse

Economic and environmental impacts of Phytophthora ramorum in Europe were evaluated within the European Union framework 6 project on "Risk Analysis for P. ramorum a pathogen threat to Europe" (RAPRA). Impact assessment was conducted according to three different scenarios: 1. "Nursery System" - describes losses occurring in nurseries where special growing conditions and trade with plant material influence spread and dimension of the disease, 2. "Northern European Tree Host System" - based on observations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany where infections of trees (beech, red oak) at forest or park sites only occur, when Rhododendron as a foliage host is present to a certain extent and 3. "Southern European Tree Host System" where a potential foliage host is Quercus ilex growing as an understory plant in combination with susceptible tree hosts. Taking climatic conditions favourable for the pathogen, distribution of host plants and pathogen distribution into account, the present economic and environmental impact in Europe is minimal to moderate. Potential impacts depend on the host system: for nurseries, facing higher costs for hygiene measures, treatments of plant material and trade impacts, no changes are expected in the future as long as basic conditions like plant health regulations are not altered noticeable. In the "Northern European Tree Host System" present impacts are moderate and restricted to few areas where Rhododendron are associated with tree hosts and environmental impact is caused. The potential impact is expected to be not more than moderate as long as no widely distributed foliar hosts of Northern European forests occur. In the "Southern European Tree Host System" present impacts are minimal since the pathogen does not occur in the environment. But here potential impact is assumed major if P. ramorum would be introduced and spread in the unique Mediterranean laurel and Q. ilex forests.

Die Einführung von EG-Binnenmarktregelungen im Bereich der Pflanzengesundheit hat sowohl für die Produzenten und Händler bestimmten Pflanzenmaterials als auch für die Pflanzenschutzdienste zu Veränderungen geführt, von denen auch Auswirkungen auf die Kosten und den Nutzen zu erwarten waren. Im Rahmen einer Nutzen-Kosten-Untersuchung wurden die Veränderungen in diesen beiden Größen im Vergleich zu einem Referenzsystem, das den Zustand vor der Einführung der neuen Regelungen darstellt, ermittelt. Der erste Teil der Untersuchung stellt die Kostenseite dar und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß die volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten der Pflanzenbeschau insgesamt unverändert geblieben sind. Es ist jedoch zu einer Verlagerung der Kosten von den Pflanzenschutzdiensten zu den Betrieben gekommen, und die betroffenen Produzenten und Händler müssen insgesamt rund 4 Mio DM an zusätzlichen Kosten für die Gebühren und die mit dem Pflanzenpaß verbundenen Aufgaben aufbringen. Die Pflanzenschutzdienste sparen hingegen rund 4 Mio DM ein. Diese Einsparungen sind vor allem auf die höheren Einnahmen, aber auch auf einen gewissen Personalabbau zurückzuführen. ; The irnplementation of the EEC regulations concerning plant health resulted in changes for producers and dealers of specific plant material as weil as for the plant protection services leading to the assumption that they could have an impact on costs and benefits of plant quarantine. Within a cost/benefit analysis changes of costs and benefits were investigated by comparing them to a reference system which describes the plant protection legislation before the implementation of the new regulations. The first part of this analysis describes the costs with the result that social costs of plant quarantine in total did not change. But, costs have been moved from the public sector to the private enterprises of producers and dealers which now have to pay additional costs for fees and tasks arising from the use of the plant passport of about DM 4 million in total. The plant protection services on the other hand save about DM 4 million. These savings can mainly be attributed to the increased earnings but as weil to certain savings in personnel costs.

International audience ; Pest risk analyses (PRAs) are conducted to determine whether an organism is a pest and whether and how it should be regulated. Estimation of the potential area of establishment and pest spread are key factors of this analysis. Tools for modelling and mapping of these key factors have to be quick and easily applicable for a wide variety of organisms with limited data for parameterization. For this purpose, a dispersal kernel model based on a 2Dt-distribution had been developed in a European Union project (PRATIQUE). The aim of the present study was the evaluation of this spread model hitherto tested on insects, plants, fungi and nematodes in order to determine its applicability to bacterial pests. Therefore, the potential distribution and spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Europe was investigated based on climatic suitability and host plant availability. The results of the modelling were compared with the spread history of the pest in Europe. It is shown that this generic spread model can also be applied to a bacterial pest. ; Des analyses de risque phytosanitaires sont conduites afin de déterminer si un organisme est nuisible, s'il doit être réglementé, et comment il doit l'être. La prédiction de sa zone d'établissement potentiel ainsi que l'évaluation de sa dissémination sont des facteurs clefs de cette analyse. Les outils de modélisation et de cartographie de ces facteurs clefs doivent être rapides et faciles à utiliser sur une grande diversité d'organismes, et ce en utilisant un nombre limité de données de paramétrage. A cet effet, une fonction de dispersion avait été développée au sein d'un projet européen (PRATIQUE) sur la base d'une distribution de Student à deux degrés de liberté (2Dt). L'objectif de la présente étude est l'évaluation de ce modèle de dissémination, jusqu'à présent testé sur insectes, plantes, champignons et nématodes, pour déterminer s'il est également applicable aux bactéries. Pour cela, la distribution et la dissémination ...

Pest risk analyses (PRAs) are conducted to determine whether an organism is a pest and whether and how it should be regulated. Estimation of the potential area of establishment and pest spread are key factors of this analysis. Tools for modelling and mapping of these key factors have to be quick and easily applicable for a wide variety of organisms with limited data for parameterization. For this purpose, a dispersal kernel model based on a 2Dt‐distribution had been developed in a European Union project (PRATIQUE). The aim of the present study was the evaluation of this spread model hitherto tested on insects, plants, fungi and nematodes in order to determine its applicability to bacterial pests. Therefore, the potential distribution and spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Europe was investigated based on climatic suitability and host plant availability. The results of the modelling were compared with the spread history of the pest in Europe. It is shown that this generic spread model can also be applied to a bacterial pest.

Eine vielfältige Fruchtfolge mit Leguminosen kann durch deren positive Vorfruchtwirkung wirtschaftliche Vorteile für die Landwirtschaft bringen. Meist berücksichtigen betriebswirtschaftliche Bewertungen aber nur Einzelkulturen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine betriebswirtschaftliche Bewertung der gesamten Fruchtfolge anhand der direkt- und arbeitserledigungskostenfreie Leistung (DAL) sowie deren Nettobarwert und Annuität vorgestellt, die auf drei Rotationen über einen Zeitraum von 18 Jahren basiert. Dazu wurde ein Dauerfeldversuch zur Folgenabschätzung von Fruchtfolge, Düngung und Pflanzenschutz am JKI-Versuchsstandort Dahnsdorf betriebswirtschaftlich ausgewertet. Verglichen wurden eine sechsgliedrige Fruchtfolge mit Gerste und Roggen, aufgelockert durch Erbse und Weißklee mit dem Daueranbau von Roggen. Ertragseffekte der nach Leguminosen folgenden Früchte Gerste und Roggen hatten neben der Verwendung von Klee (Gründüngung) dabei den entscheidenden Einfluss. Die Kosten in den untersuchten Pflanzenschutz- und Düngungsvarianten blieben über die Jahre weitgehend konstant. In der Fruchtfolge war der Roggenanbau nach Erbse in allen Varianten betriebswirtschaftlich am vorteilhaftesten. Der Vergleich des Daueranbaus von Roggen mit der abwechslungsreichen Fruchtfolge zeigte aber andererseits, dass bei entsprechenden Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen der Daueranbau sogar erfolgreicher war. Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender gesellschaftlicher und politischer Forderungen nach einer Verringerung der Anwendung von Pflanzenschutz- und Düngemitteln sollten zukünftige Handlungsempfehlungen zu Ackerbaustrategien berücksichtigen, dass erweiterte Fruchtfolgen mit Leguminosen helfen können, die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Ackerbaus langfristig zu sichern. Der betriebswirtschaftliche Vorteil der Fruchtfolgen nahm über die Jahre und Rotationen deutlich zu. ; A diverse crop rotation with legumes may provide economic advantages for agriculture due to their positive pre-crop effects. In most cases, economic evaluations only take single main crops into account. Here, an economic evaluation of the entire crop rotation is presented, which was based on three rotations over a period of 18 years. We assessed a long-term field trial on impact assessment of crop rotation, fertilization and plant protection performed at JKI-field site in Dahnsdorf economically based on the direct and labor cost-free revenues as well as net present values and annuities. Permanent rye cultivation and a crop rotation with six components including barley and rye, diversified with pea and white clover were compared. Yield increases of barley and rye following legumes had decisive influence on the economic result as well as the use opportunity of clover (green manure). Costs of plant protection and fertilization remained almost the same over the years. The cultivation of rye after peas in crop rotation was economically most advantageous in all tested variants. The comparison of the long-term cultivation of rye with the varied crop rotation showed, however, that with appropriate fertilizer and crop protection measures, the long-term cultivation was even more successful. With respect to societal and political demands for reducing pesticide and fertilizer use, future recommendations for farming strategies should take into account the economic viability of extended crop rotations with legumes. The economic advantage of crop rotations significantly increased over the years and rotations.

Eine vielfältige Fruchtfolge mit Leguminosen kann durch deren positive Vorfruchtwirkung wirtschaftliche Vorteile für die Landwirtschaft bringen. Meist berücksichtigen betriebs­wirtschaftliche Bewertungen aber nur Einzelkulturen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine betriebswirtschaftliche Bewertung der gesamten Fruchtfolge anhand der direkt- und arbeitserledigungskostenfreie Leistung (DAL) sowie deren Nettobarwert und Annuität vorgestellt, die auf drei Rotationen über einen Zeitraum von 18 Jahren basiert. Dazu wurde ein Dauerfeldversuch zur Folgenabschätzung von Fruchtfolge, Düngung und Pflanzenschutz am JKI-Versuchsstandort Dahnsdorf betriebswirtschaftlich ausgewertet. Verglichen wurden eine sechs­gliedrige Fruchtfolge mit Gerste und Roggen, aufgelockert durch Erbse und Weißklee mit dem Daueranbau von Roggen.Ertragseffekte der nach Leguminosen folgenden Früchte Gerste und Roggen hatten neben der Verwendung von Klee (Gründüngung) dabei den entscheidenden Einfluss. Die Kosten in den untersuchten Pflanzenschutz- und Düngungsvarianten blieben über die Jahre weitgehend konstant. In der Fruchtfolge war der Roggenanbau nach Erbse in allen Varianten betriebswirtschaftlich am vorteilhaftesten. Der Vergleich des Daueranbaus von Roggen mit der abwechslungsreichen Fruchtfolge zeigte aber andererseits, dass bei entsprechenden Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen der Daueranbau sogar erfolgreicher war.Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender gesellschaftlicher und politischer Forderungen nach einer Verringerung der Anwendung von Pflanzenschutz- und Düngemitteln sollten zukünftige Handlungsempfehlungen zu Ackerbau­strategien berücksichtigen, dass erweiterte Fruchtfolgen mit Leguminosen helfen können, die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Ackerbaus langfristig zu sichern. Der betriebswirtschaftliche Vorteil der Fruchtfolgen nahm über die Jahre und Rotationen deutlich zu. ; A diverse crop rotation with legumes may provide economic advantages for agriculture due to their positive pre-crop effects. In most cases, economic evaluations only take single main crops into account. Here, an economic evaluation of the entire crop rotation is presented, which was based on three rotations over a period of 18 years. We assessed a long-term field trial on impact assessment of crop rotation, fertilization and plant protection performed at JKI-field site in Dahnsdorf economically based on the direct and labor cost-free revenues as well as net present values and annuities. Permanent rye cultivation and a crop rotation with six components including barley and rye, diversified with pea and white clover were compared.Yield increases of barley and rye following legumes had decisive influence on the economic result as well as the use opportunity of clover (green manure). Costs of plant protection and fertilization remained almost the same over the years. The cultivation of rye after peas in crop rotation was economically most advantageous in all tested variants. The comparison of the long-term cultivation of rye with the varied crop rotation showed, how­ever, that with appropriate fertilizer and crop protection measures, the long-term cultivation was even more successful.With respect to societal and political demands for reduc­ing pesticide and fertilizer use, future recommendations for farming strategies should take into account the economic viability of extended crop rotations with legumes. The economic advantage of crop rotations significantly increased over the years and rotations.

The ELONTA project aimed at understanding the relationships between landscape structure, source-sink dynamics and the risk of pesticide use for Non-Target Arthropods (NTAs). It also investigated the effectiveness of introducing two landscape-based mitigation measures: grassy field boundaries and unsprayed field margins. The project used a model NTA species, Bembidion lampros, a small, univoltine, spring-breeding carabid beetle that is common in temperate European agricultural landscapes. The project combined high-resolution dynamic landscape models with advanced spatially-explicit population models to simulate changes in B. lampros population dynamics in agroecosystems. The impact of pesticide use on B. lampros populations and the effectiveness of mitigation measures were assessed in a set of 611 study plots of 10x10 km2 in Brandenburg and Lower Saxony regions, varying in landscape and farmland heterogeneity. Our analysis showed that beetle populations were better supported in more diverse and heterogeneous landscapes with a high proportion of herbaceous semi-natural habitats and permanent pastures. The negative impact of pesticide use was greater in more homogeneous landscapes with low initial beetle populations, high arable land coverage and low beetle source habitat coverage. The study showed that grassy field boundaries were a more effective mitigation measure than unsprayed field margins. It also revealed the influence of source-sink dynamics on the effect of pesticide application on B. lampros populations, with significant exclusive off-field effects that persisted despite mitigation measures. Landscape management in agroecosystems should focus on maintaining and protecting these habitats, especially in highly homogeneous landscapes.

This project aimed to determine the risks posed by Phytophthora ramorum (the cause of sudden oak death) to European trees, woodland ecosystems and other environmentally important habitats (e.g. heathlands). The pathogen is a newly described species which is a recent alien introduction to both the United States and Europe; it is currently the most significant quarantine pathogen for Europe. Prior to being described, this pathogen was first observed infecting Rhododendrons in Germany in 1993, but its significance as the cause of sudden oak death in the United States was not understood until 2001. However, the potential risk that sudden oak death posed to European trees was reviewed in a pest risk analysis drafted in Britain in September 2000 and forwarded to the European Union Plant Health Directorate for consideration by Standing Plant Health Committee.A major deliverable of the project was database 1.1, which contain records of plants and trees found to be infected by Phytophthora ramorum in Europe. Although it is now complete for the purposes of risk mapping with more than 2 000 records covering a total of 83 naturally infected species, further records for new hosts were added to the database throughout the year. Data supplied by various Member States and other European countries to RAPRA over 2004-2007 have now been compiled into a series of maps for each Europe and each individual country. These maps are now available on the RAPRA public website. In addition, the records supplied by various European countries to the RAPRA project have been analysed for trends in the number of surveys and proportion of positives found in each country over the period 2004-2006. Overall, relatively low numbers of the samples taken during surveys tested positive, ranging between < 1-5 %.Deliverable reports from each work package are made available on the RAPRA website: http://rapra.csl.gov.uk, as well as the full reports where appropriate.A major deliverable was to develop, refine and publishing a European pest risk analysis ...

This project aimed to determine the risks posed by Phytophthora ramorum (the cause of sudden oak death) to European trees, woodland ecosystems and other environmentally important habitats (e.g. heathlands). The pathogen is a newly described species which is a recent alien introduction to both the United States and Europe; it is currently the most significant quarantine pathogen for Europe. Prior to being described, this pathogen was first observed infecting Rhododendrons in Germany in 1993, but its significance as the cause of sudden oak death in the United States was not understood until 2001. However, the potential risk that sudden oak death posed to European trees was reviewed in a pest risk analysis drafted in Britain in September 2000 and forwarded to the European Union Plant Health Directorate for consideration by Standing Plant Health Committee.A major deliverable of the project was database 1.1, which contain records of plants and trees found to be infected by Phytophthora ramorum in Europe. Although it is now complete for the purposes of risk mapping with more than 2 000 records covering a total of 83 naturally infected species, further records for new hosts were added to the database throughout the year. Data supplied by various Member States and other European countries to RAPRA over 2004-2007 have now been compiled into a series of maps for each Europe and each individual country. These maps are now available on the RAPRA public website. In addition, the records supplied by various European countries to the RAPRA project have been analysed for trends in the number of surveys and proportion of positives found in each country over the period 2004-2006. Overall, relatively low numbers of the samples taken during surveys tested positive, ranging between < 1-5 %.Deliverable reports from each work package are made available on the RAPRA website: http://rapra.csl.gov.uk, as well as the full reports where appropriate.A major deliverable was to develop, refine and publishing a European pest risk analysis ...