Suchergebnisse

Las dos creaciones comparatistas de las Letras y las Ciencias y de la Lingüística Universal desarrolladas por las principales figuras de la Ilustración hispánica y de la Escuela Universalista Española del siglo XVIII, Juan Andrés y Lorenzo Hervás, respectivamente, integran con rigor en el contexto de la cultura europea y mundial los progresos de la cultura eslava y rusa en las distintas ramas del saber, iniciando de este modo la Eslavística europea y española. Al mismo tiempo que Andrés construye su enciclopédica Historia de la Literatura Universal, en el campo de la Lingüística Comparada surgen dos proyectos simultáneos y paralelos: el italiano-español y el ruso. El Catálogo de las lenguas de Hervás tiene un amplio carácter histórico-cultural, antropológico y etnológico. Hervás ofrece desde un pensamiento científico y simbólico-cristiano un sistema, y realiza con mucho acierto una clasificación genealógica de las lenguas del mundo, elabora las gramáticas en distintos idiomas y relaciona el lenguaje con el pensamiento y con la historia. El Vocabulario multilingüe de Pallas, que responde a los intereses y ambiciones políticas de la emperatriz rusa, ofrece una lista taxonómica de 273 palabras en más de 200 idiomas, siendo una obra útil, pero poco práctica, ya que es de difícil consulta para los estudiosos que no conocen los caracteres cirílicos y no ofrece ninguna clase de reflexiones específicas ni generales sobre dichos idiomas. La obra lingüística universal de Hervás fue la clave imprescindible para el desarrollo moderno de la Lingüística Comparada del siglo XIX. ; The two creations of Letters and Sciences and Universal Linguistics developed by the main figures of the Hispanic Age of Enlightenment and the Spanish Universalist School of the eighteenth century, Juan Andrés and Lorenzo Hervás respectively, integrate rigorously in the context of European and world culture the progress of Slavonic and Russian culture in different branches of knowledge, thus initiating the European and Spanish Slavonic Studies. At the same time that Andrés builds his encyclopedic World and Comparative Literature, in the field of Comparative Linguistics two simultaneous and parallel projects arise: Italian-Spanish and Russian. Catalog of Languages of Hervás has a historic-cultural, anthropological, ethnological character. Hervás offers from a scientific and symbolic-Christian thought a system and performs a genealogical classification of the languages of the world, elaborates the grammars in different languages and relates language with thought and history. The multilingual Vocabulary of Pallas, which responds to the interests and political ambitions of the Russian Empress, offers a taxonomic list of 273 words in more than 200 languages, being a useful, but impractical work because it is difficult to consult for scholars who do not know the Cyrillic characters and do not offer any kind of general reflections on those languages. The linguistic work of Hervás is the essential key for the modern development of Comparative Linguistics of the 19th century.

The slogan of economic growth acceleration and GDP doubling in Russia is very popular and appears almost in every public speech and economic program of political parties. However. few Russian (and not only Russian) economists, sociologists and philosophers reveal the reasons for a fast or slow economic growth, its structure, sources, factors and the algorithm of conversion from the energyoriented to innovation-oriented type. Economic and political discussions take into account neither the volatility, craftiness and even pseudo-evidence of statistics, nor the illusion of sustainable development. the impossibility of the economic and ecological industrial systems' harmony based on the exaggerated ideas about the unlimited intellectual and power possibilities of man. There exists a non-equivalent power exchange between the socio-economic system and Nature, and hence the evolutionary (ecological and economic) crisis is inevitable. The ways of overcoming this misbalance point out either to reduction of nature exploitation or non-traditional sources of power use. But the implementation of these methods is impossible for the most part of the world, particularly for those countries which possess large amounts of natural and power resources. The latter could lead to the so-called "economic diseases" (Holland, Venezuela, etc.).Keeping in mind these considerations, the purpose of the present paper is to analyze modern economic growth indicators connected with the energy factor. to introduce new types of economic growth - innovation-oriented and energyoriented - and to propose the possible convergence of these types in different scenarios of Russian industrial development. ; Ekonominio augimo tipai klasifikuojami pagal įvairius kriterijus. Apskritai ekonominis augimas skirstomas į ekstensyvų ir intensyvų pagal darančius jam įtaką kiekybinius ir kokybinius veiksnius. Ekonominis augimas, pagrįstas socialinių-ekonominių sistemų periodiškumu ir prioritetinio sektoriaus plėtra, vadinamas agrariniu (tradiciniu), industriniu ir postindustriniu (informaciniu). Energetinis postūmis, įvykęs šiuolaikinėje istorijoje po keleto technologinių revoliucijų (industrinės, mokslinės, techninės ir technologinės), atliko pagrindinį ekstensyvaus ekonominio augimo, pagrįsto energijos išteklių panaudojimu XVIII-XIX a., ir intensyvaus ekonominio augimo, pagrįsto energijos taupymu XX-XXI a., vaidmenį. Tradiciškai ekonominio augimo tempai siejami su energijos vartojimo dydžiais. Ilgo periodo pasaulio ekonomikos dinamika parodė tiesioginę ekonominio augimo ir energijos sektoriaus raidos priklausomybę XIX-XX a. XX a. aštuntojo dešimtmečio viduryje, kai energijos raidos krizė paplito po visą pasaulio ekonomiką, šios priklausomybės kryptingumas pasikeitė ir parodė per tolesnius 30 metų netradicines tendencijas. Besivystančios ir transformuojamos ekonomikos plėtojosi ta pačia kryptimi, išsivysčiusiose šalyse ekonominio augimo ir energijos panaudojimo kryptys buvo priešingos.Šis straipsnis skirtas šiuolaikinių ekonominio augimo, grindžiamo energijos panaudojimu, rodiklių analizei. Siūlomi nauji ekonominio augimo tipai: augimas grindžiamas inovacijomis, ir augimas, pagrįstas energijos panaudojimu. Straipsnyje analizuojami trys galimi Rusijos raidos scenarijai, susiję su jos ekonomikos struktūra, ir įrodinėjama, kad pasiekti naujos ekonominio augimo, grindžiamo inovacijomis, kokybę įmanoma, kai ekonomika pagrįsta energijos panaudojimu.

The article deals with the problem of religious self-identification in Russian society during the period of historical upheavals - the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries and the first quarter of the 20th century. The relevance of the research is due to the ongoing search for a compromise between the confessional branches of Orthodoxy today. Society and the government in Russia are looking for a common social and spiritual foundation for Russian society. The question of religious searches in different parts of Russian society is considered in the article. The views and conclusions of representatives of various social movements are compared. The key attention in the text is paid to the views of populist researchers. The materials of the famous Russian religious scholar Alexander Stepanovich Prugavin are taken as the basis of the article. A review of publications and archival data has been compiled. Some of the materials are presented by Prugavins personal fund, which is located in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts. The views of the religious scholar on the possible path of development for contemporary Russia are analyzed. He singled out the Old Believers as a special social group in the country.

The article deals with the problem of West European and Nordic countries small economies as well as ultra-small autonomous territories of Alands and Faeroes island's development. The latter are considered as the «competitive sub-peripheries» areas due to the special industrial organization development, stimulated by the national and the EU economic policy. A special status of these territories causes their conversion into the transport-logistics, informational, financial bridges between different European regions and countries. The primary goal of the article is the identification of ultra-small territories, revealing features of economic development and the modern business status in economic history context of small economies classification. The object of investigation is focused on West European and Nordic countries small economies as well as ultra-small autonomous territories of Aland and Faeroe islands affiliated to Finland and Denmark respectively. The hypothesis of the article is that ultra-small autonomous territories under consideration are developing as the «competitive sub-peripheries» areas due to the special industrial organization development, stimulated by the national and, partially, the EU economic policy supporting economic growth of both autonomous. Ultra-small territories of small states under consideration are developing as the «competitive peripheries» areas due to the special Scandinavian capitalist model development characterized by high level of social capital. The methods of the article deal with analysis-synthesis, historical and logical methods of investigation, and methods of international comparisons. The main summing up conclusion is that Aland and Faeroe islands are converting nowadays into the transport-logistics, informational, financial bridges between different European regions and countries. The autonomous territories are the experimental laboratory of the European and world economy due to the specific model of their social-oriented economic growth.

World economic crises, anti-Russian sanctions and counter sanctions destabilized handled cargo volumes in the Eastern Baltic ports. Seeking new cargo resources became an important problem for the port authorities. Asian direction, Chinese in particular, attract an attention of official institutes and business entities that are involved in transportation activities. Chinese-European traffic can be implemented differently: via railway, marine, avia infrastructure. Commodities owners - primary beneficiaries of transport networks - choose routes and logistical technologies to provide shortest, cheapest and fastest delivery of goods. Spatial development and logistics theories demonstrate simple and easy mechanisms of cargo routing traffic. The statistical data analysis permits us to issue the main hypothesis concerning the idea that in spite of the fact that Russia still occupies essential role in East-West transport traffic, one could observe the following phenomena: Baltic states substitute the former Soviet into Chinese traffic and trade flows. The goal of this paper is to identify major motives and triggers of Asian-European cargo traffic planning. To reach the goal we observe the following objectives: compare and analyze international trade flows between different countries (Baltic, Nordic, Russia, Kazakhstan) under consideration, summarize Eastern Baltic Port Authorities (Gdansk, Klaipeda, Riga) features, evaluate the political factor influence on trade and transport sector activities.

World economic crises, anti-Russian sanctions and counter sanctions destabilized handled cargo volumes in the Eastern Baltic ports. Seeking new cargo resources became an important problem for the port authorities. Asian direction, Chinese in particular, attract an attention of official institutes and business entities that are involved in transportation activities. Chinese-European traffic can be implemented differently: via railway, marine, avia infrastructure. Commodities owners - primary beneficiaries of transport networks - choose routes and logistical technologies to provide shortest, cheapest and fastest delivery of goods. Spatial development and logistics theories demonstrate simple and easy mechanisms of cargo routing traffic. The statistical data analysis permits us to issue the main hypothesis concerning the idea that in spite of the fact that Russia still occupies essential role in East-West transport traffic, one could observe the following phenomena: Baltic states substitute the former Soviet into Chinese traffic and trade flows. The goal of this paper is to identify major motives and triggers of Asian-European cargo traffic planning. To reach the goal we observe the following objectives: compare and analyze international trade flows between different countries (Baltic, Nordic, Russia, Kazakhstan) under consideration, summarize Eastern Baltic Port Authorities (Gdansk, Klaipeda, Riga) features, evaluate the political factor influence on trade and transport sector activities.

World economic crises, anti-Russian sanctions and counter sanctions destabilized handled cargo volumes in the Eastern Baltic ports. Seeking new cargo resources became an important problem for the port authorities. Asian direction, Chinese in particular, attract an attention of official institutes and business entities that are involved in transportation activities. Chinese-European traffic can be implemented differently: via railway, marine, avia infrastructure. Commodities owners - primary beneficiaries of transport networks - choose routes and logistical technologies to provide shortest, cheapest and fastest delivery of goods. Spatial development and logistics theories demonstrate simple and easy mechanisms of cargo routing traffic. The statistical data analysis permits us to issue the main hypothesis concerning the idea that in spite of the fact that Russia still occupies essential role in East-West transport traffic, one could observe the following phenomena: Baltic states substitute the former Soviet into Chinese traffic and trade flows. The goal of this paper is to identify major motives and triggers of Asian-European cargo traffic planning. To reach the goal we observe the following objectives: compare and analyze international trade flows between different countries (Baltic, Nordic, Russia, Kazakhstan) under consideration, summarize Eastern Baltic Port Authorities (Gdansk, Klaipeda, Riga) features, evaluate the political factor influence on trade and transport sector activities.