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In recent years, members of established political parties have received increased powers to select candidates and leaders. Several explanations have been advanced to account for this trend, focusing on the evolution of the political system, the characteristics of party systems or intra-party dynamics. The aim of this article is to examine the introduction of democratising reforms for leadership selection in Portuguese parties. Despite the high degree of centralisation and the low levels of internal participation, all governing parties have expanded members' rights during the last decade. The main findings suggest that party leaders have decided to change methods for leadership selection mainly for instrumental purposes in order to consolidate their internal power or gain electoral benefits. Moreover, this organisational transformation has had reduced effects on the internal party functioning. Regardless of these similarities, the data show that there are important differences between parties with regard to levels of participation and internal competition.

UID/CPO/04627/2013 PTDC/IVC-CPO/1864/2014. ; The paper examines the relationship between Euroscepticism and ideology in Western European countries and focuses on how this relationship is mediated by party system characteristics and partisanship. Additionally, we explore some distinctive national patterns in the relationship between Euroscepticism and ideology by focusing on four South European countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece), which despite their similar historical and social trajectories, as well as common experiences during the euro crisis in relation to the other Western European nations, they deviate in different ways from the European-wide pattern of interaction between ideology and Euroscepticism. Using data from the European Election Study of 2014 and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey, we show that the relationship between ideology and Euroscepticism can be heavily influenced by characteristics at the level of the party system, such as degree of party system polarization and the levels of supply of left-wing and right-wing Euroscepticism, as well as individual party legacies that can filter the ideology-Euroscepticism relationship through the influence of partisanship. Our findings highlight the importance of parties and party leadership in the future development of Euroscepticism within European polities as evidenced by the distinct national trajectories of Euroscepticism. Political entrepreneurs have the power to directly or indirectly politicize the issue of Europe and to help determine the overall level of Euroscepticism within a specific polity by providing cues to the electorate and mainly to their core partisans. ; publishersversion ; published

UID/CPO/04627/2013 SFRH/BD/87140/2012 SFRH/BD/92180/2013 ; What affects the prospects of candidates in open intra-party elections? This research article examines the determinants of candidate performance in the first open party primaries conducted by LIVRE, a newly emerged Portuguese party, in 2015. This innovative process of candidate selection allowed individuals from outside the party not only to vote but also to run for office. Through the construction of an original dataset and the use of social network analysis, this study shows that centrality in the network of endorsements has a significant impact on the probability to be selected in party lists. Our findings shed additional light on the determinants of success in candidate selection and open new insights into the dynamics behind party primaries. ; preprint ; published

While the analysis of party models and types of party members has been widely discussed at the theoretical level, empirical research has not attracted similar attention. This study contributes to filling this gap by examining an understudied case, namely party members in Portuguese political parties. The key objective of this article is to make a contribution to the study of activism and dedication to the party, in a comparative perceptive, considering different types of parties. The survey applied was based on an on-line questionnaire conducted within the MAPP (Members and Activists of Political Parties) research network. The dataset included members of several parties ranging from typical catch-all parties (PS - Socialist Party; PSD - Social Democratic Party) to elite-based types (CDS-PP - Social Democratic Centre-Popular Party), as well as 'movement' party types (BE - Left Bloc; LIVRE). The study covers four main dimensions of party membership: party members' socio-demographic profile, ideological attitudes, reasons for joining the party, and activism levels and types. We show that party membership in Portugal follows similar trends to other advanced European democracies, albeit with important differences between parties. These results are an important barometer for measuring the quality of democracy, especially one as young as Portugal's. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

UID/CPO/04627/2019 ; Over the last few decades, emigrants all over the world have gained expanded voting rights. Despite the normative debates about this issue, there are few empirical studies on why states decide to implement external voting and how electoral systems perform. This chapter seeks to fill this gap by looking at the Portuguese case. Our study suggests that a combination of political and socio-economic factors explains the implementa tion of external voting. On the other hand, the interests of political parties and the low level of civil society engagement are key factors in the failure of both electoral reforms and attempts to overcome the shortcomings of external voting. ; publishersversion ; published

ABSTRACT While the analysis of party models and types of party members has been widely discussed at the theoretical level, empirical research has not attracted similar attention. This study contributes to filling this gap by examining an understudied case, namely party members in Portuguese political parties. The key objective of this article is to make a contribution to the study of activism and dedication to the party, in a comparative perceptive, considering different types of parties. The survey applied was based on an on-line questionnaire conducted within the MAPP (Members and Activists of Political Parties) research network. The dataset included members of several parties ranging from typical catch-all parties (PS - Socialist Party; PSD - Social Democratic Party) to elite-based types (CDS-PP - Social Democratic Centre-Popular Party), as well as 'movement' party types (BE - Left Bloc; LIVRE). The study covers four main dimensions of party membership: party members' socio-demographic profile, ideological attitudes, reasons for joining the party, and activism levels and types. We show that party membership in Portugal follows similar trends to other advanced European democracies, albeit with important differences between parties. These results are an important barometer for measuring the quality of democracy, especially one as young as Portugal's.

UID/CPO/00713/2013 ; Embora a análise de modelos partidários e tipos de composição partidária tenham sido amplamente discutidas em nível teórico, a pesquisa empírica sobre o tema não atraiu atenção semelhante. Este estudo contribui para preencher esta lacuna examinando um caso pouco estudado, nomeadamente os membros dos partidos políticos portugueses. O objetivo central deste artigo é contribuir para o estudo do ativismo e engajamento partidário, em uma perspectiva comparativa, considerando diferentes tipos de partidos. A pesquisa foi baseada em um questionário on-line conduzido pela rede de pesquisa MAPP (Members and Activists of Political Parties). O conjunto de dados incluiu membros de várias legendas, desde dos tradicionais catch-all parties (PS - Partido Socialista; PSD - Partido Social Democrata) até partidos de elite (CDS-PP - Partido Social-Democrata Centro-Popular), bem como partidos de "movimento" (BE - Bloco Esquerdo; LIVRE). O estudo abrange quatro dimensões principais de filiação partidária: perfil sóciodemográfico dos membros do partido, atitudes ideológicas, razões para ingressar no partido e níveis e tipos de ativismo. Mostramos que a filiação partidária em Portugal segue tendências semelhantes a outras democracias europeias avançadas, embora com diferenças importantes entre os partidos. Estes resultados são um importante barômetro para medir a qualidade da democracia, especialmente em uma tão jovem quanto a de Portugal. While the analysis of party models and types of party members has been widely discussed at the theoretical level, empirical research has not attracted similar attention. This study contributes to filling this gap by examining an understudied case, namely party members in Portuguese political parties. The key objective of this article is to make a contribution to the study of activism and dedication to the party, in a comparative perceptive, considering different types of parties. The survey applied was based on an on-line questionnaire conducted within the MAPP (Members and Activists of Political Parties) research network. The dataset included members of several parties ranging from typical catch-all parties (PS - Socialist Party; PSD - Social Democratic Party) to elite-based types (CDS-PP - Social Democratic Centre-Popular Party), as well as 'movement' party types (BE - Left Bloc; LIVRE). The study covers four main dimensions of party membership: party members' socio-demographic profile, ideological attitudes, reasons for joining the party, and activism levels and types. We show that party membership in Portugal follows similar trends to other advanced European democracies, albeit with important differences between parties. These results are an important barometer for measuring the quality of democracy, especially one as young as Portugal's. ; publishersversion ; published

This article examines how political parties in Portugal organize concerning emigrants and the subject of migration outflow, uncovering the issues and strategies that they favour. The 2009 Portuguese legislative elections offer a privileged site for empirical inquiry. Not only are emigrants able to elect members of the national parliament through particular voting districts, but also a complete period of electoral campaigning under standard institutional conditions (rather than early elections) could thus be followed in real-time by the research team. Analysis draws chiefly on electoral manifestos, campaign activities, and first-hand interviews with members of the parliament and public officials. A close tie between the capacity of parties to organize abroad and the salience of issues related to the emigrant population in party programs is exposed. It is argued that the ambigous position of external voting between the strengthening of national(istic) bonds and transnational citizenship is disputed within the party system, since attitudes towards each of these perspectives vary across parties. Parties must therefore be understood as key players in the ongoing redefinition of the political agency of migrants, bearing a significant impact on their participation and representation. Last, implications for future research are addressed. Resumo Este artigo analisa a forma como os partidos políticos em Portugal se organizam em relação aos emigrantes e ao tema do fluxo migratório, revelando as questões e estratégias pelas quais mostram preferência. As eleições legislativas portuguesas de 2009 oferecem um local privilegiado para a investigação empírica. Não somente os emigrantes podem eleger membros do parlamento nacional através de distritos eleitorais específicos, mas também existe um período completo de campanha eleitoral sob condições institucionais padrão (ao invés de eleições antecipadas) que pode ser seguido em tempo real pela equipa de investigação. A análise baseia-se principalmente em manifestos eleitorais, atividades de campanha e entrevistas em primeira mão com membros do parlamento e funcionários públicos. Exist um laço estreito entre a capacidade das partes em se organizarem no exterior e nas questões relacionadas com a população emigrante nos programas partidários. Argumenta-se que a posição ambígua de voto externo entre o fortalecimento de vínculos nacionais (istic) e a cidadania transnacional é disputada dentro do sistema partidário, uma vez que as atitudes em relação a cada uma dessas perspetivas variam entre os partidos. As partes devem, portanto, ser entendidas como atores-chave na redefinição contínua da agência política dos migrantes, com impacto significativo em sua participação e representação. Por fim, as implicações para futuras investigações são abordadas.

Focusing on the Portuguese case, this article aims to examine how members evaluate items of intra-party democracy and the ways in which their evaluations vary significantly across parties and key individual-level factors. It uses data from online surveys conducted in 2014 to grassroots members of three left-wing parties that differ in their organisational and participative profiles: the centre-left Socialist Party and the radical left Left Bloc and Livre. The results reveal more positive evaluations among members of radical left parties and for those featuring higher levels of activism and ideological congruence with the party. However, appraisals tend to be more negative when there are higher expectations of influencing the candidate selection process and of gaining professional benefits through membership. The findings suggest that democratising reforms may be a double-edged sword by attracting members who value this kind of change but at the same time fostering critical appraisals. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion