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Nieuwkomers, nakomelingen, Nederlanders: immigranten in Nederland 1550 - 1993
In: Migratie- en etnische studies
Thomas Max Safley and Leonard N. Rosenband, eds., The Workplace Before the Factory: Artisans and Proletarians, 1500–1800. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. xi + 252 pp. $35.00 cloth; $14.95 paper
In: International labor and working class history: ILWCH, Band 48, S. 172-174
ISSN: 1471-6445
The Other Proletarians: Seasonal Labourers, Mercenaries and Miners
In: International review of social history, Band 39, Heft S2, S. 171-193
ISSN: 1469-512X
The emergence of wage labour in Europe has traditionally been seen as a transition from peasant agriculture to employment in urban industries involving permanent migration from rural areas to the cities. In this context migration was often depicted as a flight from the land forced by enclosure or by famine. This particular form of proletarianization-cumurbanization was indeed of major historical significance. Recently, how-ever, many historians have tried to shift the emphasis in another direction. According to one such scholar, Charles Tilly, European demographic growth from the Middle Ages to the late nineteenth century was caused predominantly by the proletarianization outside the cities which was induced by the modernization of agriculture and, above all, by proto-industry. Migration also plays an important role in this model. Firstly, early modern European proletarianization led to net migration losses of European proletarians who left for white settlement colonies, as in the cases of Spain, England and southern Germany. Secondly, proletarianization had major mobilizing effects on the rural population by way of short-distance and temporary or seasonal migration, followed by long-distance migration during the nineteenth century. As a rule, proto-industry caused indirect proletarianization through self-employment which brought the work to the labourers rather than causing migration.
The Netherlands, the Dutch, and Long-Distance Migration in the Late Sixteenth to Early Nineteenth Centuries
In: Europeans on the Move, S. 153-191
Introduction
In: International review of social history, Band 39, Heft S2, S. 1-10
ISSN: 1469-512X
We have called this collection of essaysBefore the Unions. What exactly do we mean by (trade) unions and what preceded them? Exactly a hundred years ago Beatrice and Sydney Webb defined a trade union as "a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment". These permanent organizations of wage earners of the same occupation, according to most labour historians, started at a local level and tended to develop into national and sometimes even international unions and they formulated political as well as economic demands.