Suchergebnisse

This essay focuses on the emergence of an international labor market connecting Europe with southern Africa and south and southeast Asia, showing the intertwining of commercialization and proletarianization in the institution that created and coordinated perhaps the most important international labor market connecting Europe to the Far East.

The emergence of wage labour in Europe has traditionally been seen as a transition from peasant agriculture to employment in urban industries involving permanent migration from rural areas to the cities. In this context migration was often depicted as a flight from the land forced by enclosure or by famine. This particular form of proletarianization-cumurbanization was indeed of major historical significance. Recently, how-ever, many historians have tried to shift the emphasis in another direction. According to one such scholar, Charles Tilly, European demographic growth from the Middle Ages to the late nineteenth century was caused predominantly by the proletarianization outside the cities which was induced by the modernization of agriculture and, above all, by proto-industry. Migration also plays an important role in this model. Firstly, early modern European proletarianization led to net migration losses of European proletarians who left for white settlement colonies, as in the cases of Spain, England and southern Germany. Secondly, proletarianization had major mobilizing effects on the rural population by way of short-distance and temporary or seasonal migration, followed by long-distance migration during the nineteenth century. As a rule, proto-industry caused indirect proletarianization through self-employment which brought the work to the labourers rather than causing migration.

Preliminary Material -- Measuring and Quantifying Cross-Cultural Migrations: An Introduction /Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen -- Catherine's Dilemma: Resettlement and Power in Russia, 1500s–1914 /Willard Sunderland -- Measuring Migration in Russia: A Perspective of Empire, 1500–1900 /Gijs Kessler -- Mapping Migrations of South Indian Weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagar Period: Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries /Vijaya Ramaswamy -- South Indian Migration, c. 1800–1950 /Sunil S. Amrith -- Migration and Colonial Enterprise in Nineteenth Century Java /Ulbe Bosma -- Toward Cities, Seas, and Jungles: Migration in the Malay Archipelago, c. 1750–1850 /Atsushi Ota -- The Art of (not) Looking Back: Reconsidering Lisu Migrations and "Zomia" /Mireille Mazard -- Migration in an Age of Change: The Migration Effect of Decolonization and Industrialization in Indonesia, c. 1900–2000 /Jelle van Lottum -- A Different Transition: Human Mobility in China, 1600–1900 /Adam McKeown -- Han Chinese Immigrants in Manchuria, 1850–1931 /Yuki Umeno -- From Mao to the Present: Migration in China since the Second World War /Jianfa Shen -- Cross-Cultural Migrations in Japan in a Comparative Perspective, 1600–2000 /Leo Lucassen , Osamu Saito and Ryuto Shimada -- Summary and Concluding Remarks /Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen -- References -- Name Index -- Geographical Index -- Subject Index.