Suchergebnisse

AbstractRecently, Ottoman labor history and historiography has been moving beyond the "classical" labor history period of the nineteenth and twentieth century, shifting attention from mere wage work to other types of labor relations including unfree labor. Often focusing on one particular region, changes in work and labor relations are being followed over longer period of time. This article wants to contribute to this historiography by discussing tax registers as a possible source to reconstruct labor relations. It takes the province of Bursa, its towns and surrounding villages in the late fifteenth and sixteenth century as a case study to reconstruct labor relations, detect shifts over time and to try to explain these changes within the socio- and economic context of Bursa.

In this article we plead for a less state-centered definition of migration that allows us to understand better the relationship between cross-cultural migrations and social change and social development in the long run. Therefore, we developed a method that enables us to systematically compare CCMRs (cross-cultural migrations per capita) through time and space. This CCMR method puts issues of state policies and citizenship in a much broader social context. We conclude that the presentist approach to migration in the social sciences is highly myopic, as it privileges migrations crossing state borders over internal moves, and favors migrants who have the intention to settle for good. In itself this is a legitimate choice, especially if the core explanandum is the way migrants' long-term settlement process in another (modern) state evolves. In the more empirical parts of this article however we have concentrated on the effects of Eurasian societies since 1500 that have received migrants. Sending societies and individual migrants and nonmigrants in sending and receiving societies have been largely left out. Finally, and paradoxically, integration and assimilation in the long run leads to diminishing opportunities of social development by cross-cultural experiences, because one could argue that due to globalizing migrations cultures converge further and thus cultural boundaries (as is already the case in migration to cities within culturally homogenous nation-states in the twentieth century) become less salient or disappear entirely. Logically speaking, this is also an implication of the model, presently to be developed further.

In this article we explain why the Dutch nativist turn from the 1990s onwards was nourished both by the political left and the right and what the role was of specific Dutch developments in secularization and libertarian attitudes

Anthropology - De Nederlandse samenleving wordt al sinds eeuwen gekenmerkt door een grote mate van openheid en pluriformiteit. De laatste decennia lijkt de aard van deze pluriformiteit gewijzigd. Nu spreekt men van een multiculturele samenleving. Nu kan men zich afvragen waaruit die multiculturele samenleving bestaat, onder welke condities en in welke situaties wordt de grote verscheidenheid in de samenleving als problematisch ervaren, onder welke voorwaarden heeft de huidige vorm van pluriformiteit en multiculturaliteit negatieve effecten op de sociale cohesie van de samenleving? Deze diepgaande, historisch-vergelijkende en interdisciplinaire bundel geeft het overzicht van het hedendaagse onderzoek in Nederland op dit terrein. De medewerkers aan deze publicatie zijn: J. Lucassen, H. Vermeulen, J. Koenis, S. Griffioen, J. Tennekes, F. Kortmann, H. Vroom, F. Bovenkerk, R. Penninx, M. Schrover & J. van Amersfoort. Deze bundel maakt deel uit van het NWO-onderzoeksproject naar 'Sociale Cohesie in Nederland'. Dit project heeft als doel de vele vragen ten aanzien van de multiculturele en pluriforme samenleving in een nieuw perspectief te plaatsen en een beantwoording ervan naderbij te brengen.

AbstractThis article introduces a new dataset on wages in northern India (from Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east) from the 1590s to the 1870s. It follows Allen's subsistence basket methodology to compute internationally comparable real wages to shed light on developments in Indian living standards over time. It adjusts the comparative cost‐of‐living indices to take into account differences in climate and caloric intake due to variances in heights. The article also discusses the male/female wage gap in northern India. It demonstrates that the 'great divergence' started in the late seventeenth century, and widened further after the 1720s and especially after the 1800s. It was subsequently primarily England's spurt and India's stagnation in the first half of the nineteenth century that brought about most serious differences in the standard of living. If the British colonial state is to blame—as often suggested by the literature on India's persistent poverty—the fault lies in its failure to improve the situation after the British became near‐undisputed masters of India in 1820.