Suchergebnisse

Preface -- Urban Economy as Intellectual Project -- Methodology -- Early Thinking About Cities: Faves -- Johann Heinrich von Thünen (Born 1783) -- Ernest (Ernst) George Ravenstein (Born 1834) -- Alfred Marshall (Born 1842) -- Charles Horton Cooley (Born 1864) -- Adna Ferrin Weber (Born 1870) -- Richard Melancthon Hurd (Born 1865) -- Karl Emil Maximillian "Max" Weber (Born 1864) -- Robert Ezra Park (Born 1864) et al. -- Robert Murray Haig (Born 1887) -- William John Reilly (Born 1899) -- Walter Christaller (Born 1893) -- Homer Hoyt (Born 1895) -- Samuel Andrew Stouffer (Born 1900) -- George Kingsley Zipf (Born 1902) -- John Quincy Stewart (Born 1894) -- Colin Grant Clark (Born 1905) -- Torsten Hägerstrand (Born 1916) -- Charles Mills Tiebout (Born 1924) -- William Alonso (Born 1933) -- Martin Beckmann (Born 1924) -- Jay Wright Forrester (Born 1918) -- Urban Geography -- Urban Economics -- Urban Sociology -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Background Ideas -- 1 The State, Decentralization and Entitlement, and the Organization of Cities -- Abstract -- Economy -- Market -- State -- Political Actors -- Governance -- Origin of the State -- Decentralization and Entitlement -- Urban Economy -- Conclusion -- 2 State, Economy, and City: A Reconstruction -- Abstract -- Prehistory -- Ancient World -- The Roman World -- Early Medieval Western Europe -- The Rise of Commercial Cities -- Conclusion -- 3 Explaining the Rise of Commercial Cities -- Abstract -- Self-actualization -- Personal and Real Property -- The Person-Land Premise and the Proletariat -- Settlement and Spending Unit -- State, Rights, Law, Property and Property Rights -- Risk -- Fear -- Market -- Hope -- Urban Economy -- The Mills Model -- 4 The Mills Model -- Abstract -- Assumptions -- Model -- Outcomes -- Comparative Statics

This book focuses on the relationship between the state and economy in the development of cities. It reviews and reinterprets fundamental theoretical models that explain how the operation of markets in equilibrium shapes the scale and organization of the commercial city in a mixed market economy within a liberal state. These models link markets for the factors of production, markets for investment and fixed capital formation, markets for transportation, and markets for exports in equilibrium both within the urban economy and the rest of the world. In each case, the model explains the urban economy by revealing how assumptions about causes and structures lead to predictions about scale and organization outcomes. By simplifying and contrasting these models, this book proposes another interpretation: that governance and the urban economy are outcomes negotiated by political actors motivated by competing notions of commonwealth and the individual desire for wealth and power. The book grounds its analysis in economic history, explaining the rise of commercial cities and the emergence of the urban economy. It then turns to factors of production, export, and factor markets, introducing and parsing the Mills model, breaking it down into its component parts and creating a series of simpler models that can better explain the significance of each economic assumption. Simplified models are also presented for real estate and fixed capital investment markets, transportation, and land use planning. The book concludes with a discussion of linear programming and the Herbert- Stevens and the Ripper-Varaiya models. A fresh presentation of the theories behind urban economics, this book emphasizes the links between state and economy and challenges the reader to see its theories in a new light. As such, this book will be of interest to scholars, students, and practitioners of economics, public policy, public administration, urban policy, and city and urban planning.

ABSTRACT  In conventional modeling of housing demand, consumers choose living arrangement, tenure, and housing on the basis of price, income, wealth, and tastes. However, it is both costly and onerous to alter one's housing conditions. It is argued therefore that consumers employ housing strategies to cope with labor market risks and expectations about their future: strategies that may differ from one demographic group to the next. In conventional modeling of housing demand, it is also well‐known that selection bias can arise: that is, omitted variables that help account for one aspect of housing (say, tenure choice) also subsequently affect the nature of the demand function for other aspects of housing demand (say, the amount spent on housing by a renter household). One such variable is the consumer's wealth, a variable that is typically not available in household survey data. This paper argues that the most important variables that may give rise to selection bias are variables that also reflect the coping strategies employed by consumers. The paper estimates a model of housing choice using Canada‐wide pooled samples from the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, the prices of housing services and income prospects vary region by region. The paper shows how individuals and families in different housing markets across Canada respond, and how this evidences the use of coping strategies (from doubling up to substandard housing). The paper presents evidence to support the argument that selection bias is important in understanding how consumers cope.

Almost three persons in ten in Canada currently rent their accommodation in the private sector: whether in the conventional or non-conventional rental stock. Over the past half-century, there have also been major improvements in financing and in the liquidity of the rental stock—widely thought to be important in attracting investment in rental housing—and all levels of Canadian government have experimented with a broad range of housing subsidies and initiatives. In this paper, outcomes in private markets for rental housing are seen as a consequence of a shift in demand or supply that may itself reflect a policy initiative. This paper examines two markets: a market for rental housing stock (whose outcomes include property prices, new construction, renovation, demolitions, conversions and other alterations) and a market for rental accommodation (whose outcomes include rents, vacancy rates, usage and the assignment of households to dwellings). The paper reviews basic data on market outcomes in Canada since the Second World War. It then discusses important shifts in the demand for, and supply of, rental accommodation and describes major policy initiatives that may have affected these.