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Professions have evolved in contrasting ways in different countries, although this has only recently been recognised by sociologists, who long had an Anglo‐American bias in their work on this subject. In the UK professions have generally evolved "bottom‐up" (i.e. through the activities of the professionals) in contrast to "top‐down" (through state intervention) in Germany. Since the valuation profession in Germany has not been regulated by the state it has not evolved as a high status occupation and lacks high entry standards or effective self‐regulation. This has resulted in a different approach to valuation theory and practice from that in the UK.

An analysis of one of francophone Africa's most celebrated novels -- Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure (no publication data given). Against the facile universalism & idealist orientation of recent criticism, which obscures the specific tensions that helped create this vision, & the ahistorical particularism of earlier studies that see it as the expression of a timeless African, if not black, condition, the novel's tragic vision is firmly rooted in its social & political context. The structure of the tragic in the novel is described, & a historical/sociological explanation is provided. The class relations within Diallobe society (Senegal), the ideological role of Islam in consecrating them, their dynamic within the colonial context, & the ensuing tragic consciousness to which their disruption gives rise are all examined. It is concluded that the weakening of Islam by Western education aided not only in the destruction of a religion & the sense of psychological well-being it provided, as the novel indicates, but also in the dislocation of the ideological foundations of political, economic, & social power. It is in the context of this change in power relations within Diallobe society that the novel's tragic vision should be sought, & not in some atemporal tragic cast of mind of the African. 34 References. Modified AA

The people have a long history of being hostile to outsiders, wrote Louis Jaffe, Harvard law professor, about the inhabitants of Boston's South End. As a consultant to the Massachusetts Department of Education Jaffe urged that the impending federal court desegregation ruling exempt "Southie" from any busing plan. Jaffe's warnings went unheeded, and the buses rolled between the overwhelming black Roxbury ghetto and the neighboring, predominantly Irish South End, sparking an onslaught of racial violence one journalist described as "unparalleled in modern Boston history, a day of hatred against outsiders not witnessed here in decades."

It is too often assumed that the social legislation which has been hammered out in the British Parliament of the last two years is the product of some purely socialistic blue-print. In reality it is the culmination of a process dating back to the first decade of the twentieth century, which has been carried out by Liberal, then Conservative and now Socialist governments over the whole period from 1907 to 1947. Although there are differences of opinion on the timing of this process, and on many administrative and legislative details, the broad pattern of development has almost common acceptance. In its essence this pattern is simple. It is no less than the replacement of the Elizabethan Poor Law, with its emphasis on the relief of poverty, by a more modern structure of social legislation intended to ensure the freedom of the individual from the major evils of a modern industrial society. These evils have been aptly summarized by Sir William (now Lord) Beveridge: "physical Want, … Disease which often causes that Want and brings many other troubles in its train, … Ignorance which no democracy can afford among its citizens, … Squalor which arises mainly through the haphazard distribution of industry and population, and Idleness which destroys wealth and corrupts men, whether they are well fed or not, when they are idle."The accompanying table sets out the steps in this process of social change in the chronological sequence of the legislative measures by which it has been achieved. In order to prevent the confusion of over-elaborate detail, this tabulation gives only the major changes as they occurred. To have included, for example, the complete tally of unemployment insurance acts from 1911 to 1944 would have been unprofitable and would have obscured the issue.

AbstractMr. Cryer has thrice been clected mayor of Los Angels. Each reelection was in spite of the oppsoition of the leaders who first gave him to the city. Hydro‐electric power is practically the only issue.