Migrant Support Measures from an Employment and Skills Perspective (MISMES) ; Moldova is located between the European Union (EU) and the Post-Soviet Community of Independent States (CIS) migration systems. In the CIS (attracting 63% of all Moldovan migrants), the most popular migration destination is Russia (60.8%). In the EU that gathers approximately 30% of all Moldovan migrants, the "dream migration country" is Italy (19.6%). In the last decades, the importance of the European migration system has grown. If previously, the dominant migration tendency of the Moldovan population was the CIS – mainly Russia – then these days "traditional" labour migration to the East is giving way to Western and South-Western labour migration vectors.
The "Eastern Partnership" program is part of the European Neighborhood Policy, which was launched in 2004 to encourage good relations between the EU and neighboring states. The "Eastern Partnership" was established in May 2009 at the Prague Summit, and it is aimed to accelerate the political association and deepening the economic integration between European Union and six post-soviet states. Eastern Partnership program offers opportunities, especially in the economic sphere, for the development of closer and full cooperation with the EU. Moldova is today ranked as one of the leaders in the Eastern Partnership. Progress of the Republic of Moldova in the Eastern Partnership is rated as very good. Moldova represents a success story and leads in the implementation of major reforms oriented on improving the economic competitiveness. ; Tomasz Wiskulski
This article analyzes the illegal migration from Moldova into the EU countries. The main routes to the EU countries are through Romania, Ukraine, Turkey and other countries. Each route has its own specific features, such as transport availability, visa / visa free regimes, etc. The author researches illegal Moldovan migration patterns ("green zone" passage, fake ID passage, breaking of labour and residential laws of the receiving country, etc.). Much attention is also attributed to researching the activity of national actors and their cooperation, as well as organization and realization of illegal labour migration. An attempt to determine the scale and trends of illegal Moldovan labour migration is made, based on statistical data. The author also unravels the Moldovan counter-illegal migration policy. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
The integration of the Republic of Moldova into international migration processes was accompanied by the development of human trafficking. Moldova, moreover, witnessed multiple forms of trafficking: for the purposes of labour exploitation, for sexual exploitation, trafficking of women and children for exploitation (for begging), and trafficking of human organs for sale. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
Moldova's newly gained independence has led to the population's full-scale migration. Due to a difficult socio-economic situation and low life standards, migration has become a common practice. It is of two types: permanent and temporary emigration (international labor migration). Approximately 1 million Moldovan citizens were included in emigration processes, which had a negative impact on the country's demographical safety and its socio-economic development. Moldova's authorities are concerned about this, yet, the solution to the problem is in the democratic context – a freedom to enter and leave the country according to the migrant's wishes. The migration policy is directed towards the regulation of migration processes; work with Moldovan Diasporas; development of policies that would stimulate the migrants' desire to return home; interacting with different international organizations; creating a visa-free regime between Moldova and the European Union. This article analyzes the work of Moldovan authorities in this field, in the last 5 years. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
Migration of Moldovan population has been one of the main issues since Moldova's independence. Immigration in particular takes place for a variety of reasons: family reunification, study, work, repatriation to homeland, humanitarian reasons to save human life, health, honor and dignity given military, political, religious, racial conflict (refugees and persons who are seeking shelters), etc. It can carry both legal and illegal forms (illegal and illegal transit migration). In terms of volume, number of people, the immigration into the Republic of Moldova is much higher than emigration. Nevertheless, it can help fill in the need for qualified and professional labour-force that Moldova has as a result of mass emigration of its citizens. There is certain specificity in the regulation of immigration processes in Moldova. From the beginning the Moldovan government declared its openness to migration issues, while welcoming legitimate (regulated) and counteracting illegal (irregular) immigration. The immigration policy was based on the principle of "immigration and security". One of the first laws adopted was the law "On Migration" which aimed to counter the mass irregular immigration from other post-Soviet republics. After this, for a long time immigration was out of the real attention of the Moldovan authorities, due to a small number of immigrants and irrelevance of the issue to the national public opinion. Under the influence of European institutions the attitude towards immigration is changing. Governmental agencies are becoming more active in regulating immigration. In an effort to solve the increasing problems of the national labor market, the Moldovan authorities are trying to guide immigration flows to the development of the country, to act on the basis of "Immigration - development". Using co-operation with international organizations, and the aid from the European Union, Moldova takes real steps to unify Moldovan policy framework with the European Union policy framework. At the same time the immigration policy of the Republic of Moldova is becoming more modern, integrated and consistent. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; This is the English version of CARIM-East RR 2012/40 in Russian. ; The purpose of the present paper is to consider the problems related to the integration of Moldovan immigrants in the countries of the European Union. To complete this paper the method of secondary data analysis was used. The secondary data are produced by the analysis of statistical data and the results of sociology research held in the Republic of Moldova by state agencies and sociological services, as well as international agencies (World Bank, International Organization for Migration). At the same time some empirical and analytical material, research hypotheses and conclusions developed in scholarly research on the issues of international labour migration of Moldovan population were also used in the present paper. Moreover, the work on the paper also involved the analysis of primary data, based on our own sociological research, both previously published and conducted specifically for the present study. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.
The specific nature of Moldovan circular migration to the CIS and EU is determined by two criteria: vector (direction) of migration and nature of employment in destination countries. According to the results of public opinion poll, mainly people from the villages participate in circular migration to the CIS; heads of households, men with secondary or vocational education. For them labor migration abroad is a secondary form of employment, and it is seasonal. Circular migrants to the other countries are predominantly women, and a great share of them have higher education. There are significant differences which determine circular nature of migration, especially in the impact of push and pull factors. Labor migration to the CIS countries is determined to a greater extent by the migrants' and their households' need to survive, while migration to the EU countries is conditioned by the greater living (functioning) opportunities for migrants and their families. Visa regime, high travel expenses have a significant impact on the nature of circular migration to the EU. It explains greater length of trips. Work trip to the CIS (mainly to Russia) usually lasts around 7 months, while in the EU it's twice longer, 15 months. Quite often it stimulates non-return migration. In the conditions of modern financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010 circular migration acquired several new features. These include delayed nature of migration, greater comparable choice possibilities in terms of destination countries and countries of origin, uncertainty and mass multiple choices of its implementation. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
The article gives a characteristic of Moldovan labor migration into the European Union. The authors show that Moldovan labor migration into the EU begins in the second half of the 1990's. Since the late 1990's – the early 2000's, it acquires a mass character. The main reasons of Moldovan migration into the European Union are economic reasons. The factors that determine the choice of country for labor migration are varied. These are the desire to earn more money and to provide the growth of welfare for themselves and their family; lingual proximity; the presence of social capital, and others. The different forms of infiltration and stay in the EU that are used by the Moldovan labor migrants are uncovered. Among these, tourist visas, illegal border crossings, illegal employment and legal individual and collective labor contracts, labor quotas, the visa-free regime and labor visas are noted. The process of formation of Moldovan communities in the EU is becoming massive since the 2000's. The most attractive countries for Moldovan labor migration are Italy, Germany, France, the UK, Spain, Czechia, and Portugal. Italy is the absolute leader in attracting Moldovan labor migrants. The formation of Moldovan communities in the EU corresponds to world practice: starting with the familiarization with the capital cities, the migrants gradually familiarize themselves with the accepting country's other regions. The Moldovan communities form primarily through the presence of labor migrants of young ages. Typical, especially on the early stage, is the clearly defined gender direction, conditioned by the requirements of the labor market in the destination countries. The consolidation of migrant communities leads to the expansion of the range of age structure and to the leveling of the sex/ gender structure of the Moldovan communities. Male Moldovan labor migrants are mainly engaged in constructions, women – in the field of housekeeping and nursing services. Gradually, the field of their labor activity expands; they work in ...
В данном материале анализируется молдавская нелегальная миграция в страны Европейского Союза. Основными направлениями нелегальной миграции в страны ЕС являются транзит через Румынию, Украину, Турцию и другие страны. Каждый из этих маршрутов обладает своей спецификой, обусловленной средствами передвижения, существованием визового / безвизового режима и т.д. Автор анализирует молдавские особенности нелегального перехода границы (переход в «зеленой зоне», пересечение границы с недействительными (не отвечающим предъявляемым требованиям) документами, нарушение правил нахождения / трудовой деятельности в стране приема и др.). Уделяется внимание рассмотрению деятельности национальных акторов, содействующих организации и осуществлению нелегальной миграции молдавских трудовых мигрантов. Опираясь на статистические данные, делается попытка определить объемы и основные тренды молдавской нелегальной трудовой миграции. Автор раскрывает основные направления молдавской политики противодействия и минимизации нелегальной трудовой миграции. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/85
Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/103
Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/04
Интеграция Республики Молдова в международное миграционное пространство сопровождалось развитием торговли людьми. При этом Молдова столкнулась с различными ее формами: - торговля людьми с целью трудовой эксплуатации; - торговля людьми с целью сексуальной эксплуатации, - торговля людьми с целью эксплуатации женщин и детей (попрошайничество); - торговля людьми с целью продажи человеческих органов. ; Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM-East) is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union ; Russian version of CARIM-East 2013/32
