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This study has been developed within the framework of a European Erasmus + project called ELEF†. The aim of this project is to develop, implement, evaluate and replicate innovative democratic learning environments. With this purpose, the Democracy Coaches are trained as agents of citizen participation and generators of democracy, both in educational centres and in informal educational settings. In this context, and during various training sessions, the Democracy Coaches work with the knowledge and skills they need to acquire. This paper focuses on the study and analysis carried out on the concepts expressed by these teachers of secondary education during their training. In order for them to become democracy coaches in the formal educational field, we address concepts such as democracy, citizenship and the most appropriate teaching-learning methodology for illustrating these concepts and competences, bearing in mind that they should educate citizens with full awareness of their rights and duties.

Throughout history, the analysis of companies' financial structure has been approached from different angles, with different areas of the overall financial situation being separated and studied independently in order to improve understanding. Within the framework of short-cycle analysis and, more specifically, of the cash flow statement, it is of vital importance for a company to manage an adequate proportion of working capital, and this is where the focus of the present work is centred. This study was carried out to offer support to the theoretical framework for future research on working capital, given its importance for the analysis of the operational cycle of companies. This study uses bibliometric techniques to gain a better understanding of the current situation and trends in this area of research. The results are framed in all of the periods in which work on working capital has been documented, which are divided into two periods: up to 2019, and from 2020 to 2024. The results show the current evolution of the topics, with supplier credit dominating, and indicate potential topics for further research to address in this area.

Artículo de revista ; Since March 2020, the world's major economies have approved financial and regulatory measures to limit the impact of the health crisis on both the overall economy and their respective financial systems. This paper summarises the measures implemented by countries outside the European Union and the euro area that are considered material for the Spanish banking system (the United Kingdom, the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Chile, Peru and Colombia). It focuses particularly on the measures that remain in force, both those attempting to support the most vulnerable sectors affected by the pandemic (moratoria on loans to households, firms and other entities) and those intended to encourage lending and to support the financial system. The former set of measures has already expired in the vast majority of the countries considered, although some temporary easing of the solvency and liquidity requirements applicable under normal conditions remains in effect. Nonetheless, these measures will foreseeably come to an end in the near future (e.g. the reduced countercyclical buffer requirements and the deferred implementation of accounting and prudential standards).

Salmonella infections are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States and the European Union. Antimicrobial therapy is often administered to treat the infection but increasing isolates are being detected that demonstrate resistance to multiple antibiotics. Salmonella enterica contains two virulence related type-III secretion systems (T3SS): one promotes invasion of the intestine and the other one mediates systemic disease. Both of them secrete the SlrP protein acting as E3 ubiquitin ligase in human host cells where it targets thioredoxin-1 (Trx1). SlrP belongs to the NEL family of bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligases that have been observed in two distinct autoinhibitory conformations. We solved the 3D structure of the SlrP/Trx1 complex and determined the Trx1 ubiquitination site. The description of the substrate-binding mode sheds light on the first step of the activation mechanism of SlrP. Comparison with the available structural data of other NEL effectors allowed us to gain new insights into their autoinhibitory mechanism. We propose a molecular mechanism for the regulation of SlrP in which structural constraints sequestrating the NEL domain would be sequentially released. This work thus constitutes a new milestone in the understanding of how these T3SS effectors influence pathogen virulence. It also provides the fundamental basis for future development of new antimicrobials. ; Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, Spain. Grant P08-CVI-03487 ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund. SAF2010-15015 and SAF2013-46229-R ; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Grant FR2009-0103 ; Programme Picasso-2010 from the Partenariat Hubert Curien