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In response to the republican revival of the ideal of freedom as non-domination, a number of 'radical', 'labour' and 'workplace' republicans have criticised the limitations of Philip Pettit's account of freedom and government. This article proposes that the missing link in these debates is the relationship between republicanism and socialism. Seeking to bring this connection back into view in historical and theoretical terms, the article draws from contemporary radical republicans and the writings of Karl Kautsky and Rosa Luxemburg to propose a socialist republican theory of freedom and government. This consists of a conception of freedom as collective autonomy and a participatory democratic vision of a decentralised state with parliamentary institutions, the rule of law, worker-controlled workplaces, community-directed investment and a political culture of solidarity and public-spiritedness. This theory of socialist republicanism seeks to overcome the weaknesses and limitations of each respective independent theory and should appeal to republicans and socialists alike.

This article addresses the crucial role political principles play in Hannah Arendt's account of political action and judgment. It proposes a new interpretive framework for understanding their political logic and the varied contexts within which they appear in Arendt's work. Principles can be understood according to three distinct perspectives from which they inspire, guide and organise political action. Reading Montesquieu alongside Kant, Arendt claims that principles operate according to a logic of exemplarity. Political action carries within itself and exemplifies a more general principle, which nevertheless cannot be determined as a rule. It does not establish a universal law according to which future action could be determined, but it does attempt to embody and exemplify a more general standard against which future action could be judged. Arendt argues that attending to the importance of principles in politics offers new possibilities for returning to the past and transforming contemporary practices.

This thesis examines Hannah Arendt's argument for a council democracy and its relevance for contemporary democratic practices. References to the councils in Arendt's work are often ignored or dismissed by her interpreters as a utopian commitment. Against the tendency to neglect this aspect of her thought, I argue that the councils play a crucial role in her work as the institutional embodiment of her principle of political freedom. Tracing the development of the council concept in Arendt's thought, I offer a significant reinterpretation of her political theory as situated within the radical democratic tradition of Rosa Luxemburg. I contend that Arendt's key contribution to democratic theory is her championing of a federal system of participatory and empowered councils as the central political institutions of a council republic. Arendt's argument for a council democracy draws from historical examples of councils from the French Revolution to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. However, Arendt mischaracterises the nature of the councils and the intentions of council delegates. She inserts them in the framework of her own political categories and disregards the delegates' socialist ideology and socio-economic concerns. Arendt's distortion of the councils gives rise to the need for a historical re-examination of their political practices. I return to the political struggles of the post-First World War council movements in Germany and Russia in order to place the councils in historical perspective and challenge the biases of Arendt's account. My analysis reveals that the councils were concerned with both political and economic affairs. I revise Arendt's depiction in arguing that the councils were transformative organs of democratisation that sought to introduce democratic conditions into all spheres of social organisation. Situating the councils in relation to contemporary democratic practices, my principal argument is that they offer a critical perspective on the limits of current liberal democratic regimes. Although the councils do not present a model that could be replicated today, council delegates engaged in significant political practices that are instructive for current attempts at political transformation. In particular, they reveal the insufficiencies of electoral institutions for enabling widespread political participation and holding elites accountable. I argue that the historical significance of the councils is their exemplary role as institutions through which working-class forces organised to restrain elites, dismantle hierarchical systems and equalise power between citizens.

Introduction:The eighteenth century and the Middle Ages --The Norman Yoke : feudal law --The Norman Yoke : canon law --Daniel Leonard and the modern British Empire --Is there a British Empire? --Imperial origins : Wales, Ireland, and America --Empire by consent --Conclusion.

The return to public assemblies and direct democratic methods in the wave of the global "squares movements" since 2011 has rejuvenated interest in forms of council organisation and action. The European council movements, which developed in the immediate post-First World Warera, were the most impressive of a number of attempts to develop workers' councils throughout the twentieth century. However, in spite of the recent challenges to liberal democracy, the question of council democracy has so far been neglected within democratic theory. This book seeks to interrogate contemporary democratic institutions from the perspective of the resources that can be drawn from a revival and re-evaluation of the forgotten ideal of council democracy.This collection brings together democratic theorists, socialists and labour historians on the question of the relevance of council democracy for contemporary democratic practices. Historical reflection on the councils opens our political imagination to an expanded scope of the possibilities for political transformation by drawing from debates and events at an important historical juncture before the dominance of current forms of liberal democracy. It offers a critical perspective on the limits of current democratic regimes for enabling widespread political participation and holding elites accountable. This timely read provides students and scholars with innovative analyses of the councils on the 100th anniversary of their development. It offers new analytic frameworks for conceptualising the relationship between politics and the economy and contributes to emerging debates within political theory on workplace, economic and council democracy.

1 The "Forgotten" German Revolution: A Conceptual Map (Kets and Muldoon) -- PART I Rethinking the Revolution -- 2 Women in the German Revolution (Boak) -- 3 The German Revolution and the Radical Right (Heynen) -- 4 Revolutionary Berlin – Fulcrum of the Twentieth Century (Gluckstein) -- 5 Working Class Politics in the Bremen Council Republic (Kets) -- 6 Revolutionary Principles and Strategy in the November Revolution: The Case of the USPD (Vrousalis) -- PART II Political Theorists of the German Revolution -- 7 Eduard Bernstein and the Lessons of the German Revolution (Ostrowski) -- 8 Karl Kautsky and the Theory of Socialist Republicanism (Thompson) -- 9 Democracy and Dictatorship: Rosa Luxemburg's Path to Revolution (Cotta) -- 10 Richard Müller, Ernst Däumig and the "Pure" Council System (Hoffrogge) -- 11 Gustav Landauer and the Revolutionary Principle of Non-Violent Non-Cooperation (Bartolf and Miething) -- 12 Persistent Memories: Jewish Activists and the German Revolution (Bronner) -- PART III The German Revolution in Contemporary Political Theory -- 13 A Theory of Council Democracy (Dubigeon) -- 14 Insurgent Democracy and the German Councils (Mazzocchi) -- 15 Forgotten Uprisings and Silent Dialogues: Hannah Arendt and the German Revolution (Lederman) -- 16 Rosa Luxemburg on the Dialectic of Spontaneous and Party Politics (Tambakaki) -- 17 The Birth of Council Communism (Muldoon)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- List of Figures, Tables, and Maps -- List of Acronyms -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: In Search of Global Governance -- PART 1 Schools of Thought The Foundations of International Order and Organization -- 2 The Classical Schools of Thought -- 3 "Peace Plans," "Reformers," and "Realists"-Thinkers of the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries -- 4 Modern International Theory and the Idealist/Realist Debate -- PART 2 Manifestations of International Order -- 5 From the World of Ideas to the Real World -- 6 Architects of International Order: States, Markets, and Civil Society -- 7 International Organizations and the Management of International Change -- 8 Conclusion: The "New World Order" and the Future of International Organizations -- Appendix: List of International Organizations by Location and Year of Founding -- Bibliography -- Index

The mainstreaming of far-right extremism online and how to counter it : a case study on UK, US and French elections / Jacob Davey, Erin Marie Saltman and Jonathan Birdwell -- Populisms in Europe : leftist, rightist, centrist and paternalist-nationalist challengers / Zsolt Enyedi and Martin Mölder -- Populist nationalism and ontological security : the construction of moral antagonisms in the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Belgium / Joseph Lacey -- Left, right, but no in-between : explaining American polarisation and post-factualism under President Trump / Christopher Sebastian Parker, Sebastian Mayer and Nicole Buckley -- Trumping Uup Trump : the Tea Party's invisible influence on the 2016 rlection / Kristin Haltinner -- "Ni droite, Ni gauche, Français!" : far right populism and the future of left/right politics / Marta Lorimer -- Populist radical right mainstreaming and challenges to democracy in an enlarged Europe / Bartek Pytlas -- The weight of negativity : the impact of immigration perceptions on the Brexit vote / Sarah Harrison -- From soft to hard Brexit : UKIP's not so invisible influence on the Eurosceptic radicalisation of the Conservative Party since 2015 / Agnès Alexandre-Collier -- So close, yet so far : the French Front National and Les Républicains (2007-2017) / Florence Haegel and Nonna Mayer -- There's something about Marine : strategies against the far right in the 2017 French presidential elections / Lise Esther Herman and James Muldoon

The mainstreaming of far-right extremism online and how to counter it : a case study on UK, US and French elections / Jacob Davey, Erin Marie Saltman and Jonathan Birdwell -- Populisms in Europe : leftist, rightist, centrist and paternalist-nationalist challengers / Zsolt Enyedi and Martin Mölder -- Populist nationalism and ontological security : the construction of moral antagonisms in the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Belgium / Joseph Lacey -- Left, right, but no in-between : explaining American polarisation and post-factualism under President Trump / Christopher Sebastian Parker, Sebastian Mayer and Nicole Buckley -- Trumping Uup Trump : the Tea Party's invisible influence on the 2016 rlection / Kristin Haltinner -- "Ni droite, Ni gauche, Français!" : far right populism and the future of left/right politics / Marta Lorimer -- Populist radical right mainstreaming and challenges to democracy in an enlarged Europe / Bartek Pytlas -- The weight of negativity : the impact of immigration perceptions on the Brexit vote / Sarah Harrison -- From soft to hard Brexit : UKIP's not so invisible influence on the Eurosceptic radicalisation of the Conservative Party since 2015 / Agnès Alexandre-Collier -- So close, yet so far : the French Front National and Les Républicains (2007-2017) / Florence Haegel and Nonna Mayer -- There's something about Marine : strategies against the far right in the 2017 French presidential elections / Lise Esther Herman and James Muldoon