Suchergebnisse

A majority of workers in the world are informally employed and contribute to economic and social development through market and non-market activities that are not protected, regulated, well-recognised or valued. This study provides an in-depth diagnosis of informality and the vulnerability prevailing in the informal economy. It explores new ideas to improve the lives of workers in the informal economy based on the ILO indicators of informality and the new OECD Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIbIH). The report contributes in four ways to the global debate on the transition from the informal to the formal economy: 1) by examining the multiple faces of informality in a large sample of countries representing diverse conditions, locations and stages of development; 2) by presenting new empirical evidence on the links between informality and the development process; 3) by assessing risks and vulnerabilities in the informal economy, such as poverty and occupational risks, which can be mitigated with social protection and appropriate risk management instruments; 4) by showing that the transition to formality is a complex issue that touches on a wide range of policy domains.

Intro -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Currency conversions -- Executive summary -- Table 0.1. Summary of barriers to better functioning markets for recycled plastics -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The growth in plastics -- 1.2. Plastics waste -- 1.3. Plastics recycling -- 1.4. Objectives of the report -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. Plastics production -- 2.1. Primary plastics: production data -- Figure 2.1. Plastics production mass by global region in 2016 -- Figure 2.2. Global primary plastics production by sector, 1950 to 2015 (million tonnes) -- 2.2. Primary plastics: market structure -- Table 2.1. Summary of UK primary polymer market -- 2.3. Types of plastic -- Table 2.2. Main types of plastic and their uses -- Table 2.3. Summary of estimated global polymer consumption by sector (2002-14) -- 2.3.1. Thermoplastics -- 2.3.2. Thermosets -- 2.3.3. Additives -- Table 2.4. Additive use in polymers -- 2.3.4. Bio-plastics -- Table 2.5. Examples of key bio-plastics -- Figure 2.3. Recyclability and biodegradability of fossil fuel- and bio-based plastics -- Notes -- References -- Figure 2.4. Global bio-plastics production by polymer type in 2016 -- Chapter 3. Recycling plastics -- 3.1. The environmental case for recycling plastics -- 3.1.1. Life cycle assessment -- Box 3.1. Starting material -- Figure 3.1. Relative difference between the climate change impacts of different end‑of‑life options vs. recycling for plastics -- Table 3.1. Impact of production and transport activities on plastics recycling -- 3.1.2. Ecosystem services and natural capital -- Figure 3.2. Estimated natural capital cost of plastics production and disposal by sector of origin -- 3.2. Plastics waste generation -- 3.2.1. Plastics waste generation data -- 3.2.2. Plastics waste generation by polymer

This joint OECD-ILO report provides a comparative analysis of case studies focusing on improving skills use in the workplace across eight countries. The examples provide insights into the practical ways in which employers interact with government services and policies at the local level. They highlight the need to build policy coherence across employment, skills, economic development and innovation policies, and underline the importance of ensuring that skills utilisation is built into policy development thinking and implementation. Skills utilisation concerns the extent to which skills are effectively applied in the workplace to maximise workplace and individual performance. It involves a mix of policies including work organisation, job design, technology adaptation, innovation, employee-employer relations, human resource development practices and business-product market strategies. It is often at the local level that the interface of these factors can best be addressed.

Health is higher on the international agenda than ever before. Concern for the health of poor people is a central development issue. In addition to the intrinsic value of health for individuals, investment in health is an important and previously underestimated means of economic development; substantially improved health outcomes are a prerequisite if developing countries are to break out of the cycle of poverty. This DAC Reference Document on Poverty and Health, jointly published by the OECD and WHO, extends the analysis and recommendations of the DAC Guidelines on Poverty Reduction by setting out the essential components of a pro-poor health approach.

A System of Health Accounts 2011: Revised Edition provides an updated and systematic description of the financial flows related to the consumption of health care goods and services. As demands for information increase and more countries implement and institutionalise health accounts according to the system, the data produced are expected to be more comparable, more detailed and more policy relevant. It builds on the original OECD Manual, published in 2000, and the Guide to Producing National Health Accounts to create a single global framework for producing health expenditure accounts that can help track resource flows from sources to uses. It is the result of a collaborative effort between the OECD, WHO and the European Commission, and sets out in more detail the boundaries, the definitions and the concepts – responding to health care systems around the globe – from the simplest to the more complicated.

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Executive summary -- PART I: Evaluation systemsin development co-operation -- Chapter 1: Overview of the 2016 Reviewof Evaluation Systems in Development Co-operation -- Introduction -- Background -- Research methods -- Scope of the study -- Overall trends -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Evaluation systems and governance -- Institutional setup of evaluation units -- Recent organisational changes in evaluation systems -- Financial and human resources related to the evaluation system -- Evaluation policies -- Accountability and learning -- Independence of evaluation system -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: Evaluation processes -- Programming -- Ensuring quality -- Supplementary evaluation tools -- Addressing capacity constraints -- Participation and donor co-ordination -- Dissemination -- Evaluation use and demand -- Notes -- References -- PART II: Profiles of members of the DAC Networkon Development Evaluation -- Introduction and key for the member profiles -- African Development Bank Group (AfDB) -- Asian Development Bank (ADB) -- Australia -- Austria -- Belgium -- Canada -- Czech Republic -- Denmark -- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) -- European Commission (EC) -- European Investment Bank (EIB) -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Iceland -- Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) -- International Monetary Fund (IMF) -- Ireland -- Italy -- Japan -- Korea -- Luxembourg -- Netherlands -- New Zealand -- Norway -- Poland -- Portugal -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- United Kingdom -- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) -- United States -- World Bank Group (WBG) -- Annex A: Budget and staffing - centralised units -- Annex B: Further reading -- Annex C: Evaluation resources by member.

This report analyses Egypt's legal and policy framework and takes stock of the Egyptian Government's efforts to co-ordinate child justice services and make the justice system in Egypt more child-friendly. It includes an analysis of specific design and delivery mechanisms of justice and support services based on the legal needs of children and identifies the roles, responsibilities and co-operation opportunities for relevant governmental stakeholders involved in child-friendly justice. The review considers a range of essential components of a child-friendly justice system in all its forms – criminal, civil and administrative justice. It highlights the results achieved so far and provides tailored policy recommendations to support Egypt in better meeting the justice needs of children, in line with international standards and treaties.

Die jährlich erscheinende OECD-Studie "Bildung auf einen Blick" informiert über den Zustand der Bildungssysteme in den 38 OECD-Mitgliedsländern sowie in einigen Partnerländern. Die internationalen Daten, die in über 100 Diagrammen und Tabellen aufbereitet sind, umfassen den gesamten Bildungsverlauf, vom Kindergarten über Schule bis zu Hochschule und Aus- und Weiterbildung. Sie vergleichen Entwicklungen der Strukturen, Leistungsfähigkeit und Finanzen der beteiligten Länder. Schwerpunktthema der Ausgabe 2023 ist die berufliche Bildung. Untersucht wird die Teilnahme an beruflicher Ausbildung und der Aufbau beruflicher Bildungsgänge. Ein Sonderkapitel geht der Frage nach, wie sich das kontinuierliche Lernen für Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine sicherstellen lässt. Das Datenwerk ist in Themenkapitel zu Bildungsergebnissen und -erträgen, Bildungszugang, -beteiligung und Bildungsverlauf, Finanzierung, Lehrkräften, Lernumfeld und Organisation des Schulwesens geordnet. Durch die von der OECD entwickelten Bildungsindikatoren werden die Länderdaten vergleichbar.

Trade in illicit alcohol products is an attractive target for organised crime, as both the market and potential profits are large, in some cases requiring little investment. The illicit alcohol trade not only fuels criminal networks, but also poses significant risks to public health and safety.

This report on Lithuania is the tenth country study published in a series of reports looking into how policies connect people with jobs. This report is produced in the framework of a project of the OECD with the European Commission which aims to raise the quality of the data collected and their use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMPs).

Illicit financial flows (IFFs) such as tax evasion are a major policy challenge for developing and emerging economies, in particular as the COVID-19 pandemic has drained domestic resources. This report presents results from a joint project between the OECD and the National Treasury of South Africa, which assesses tax compliance and IFFs in South Africa.

Ireland is at a turning point for the transition to a circular economy. The 2022 Whole of Government Circular Economy Strategy provides the policy framework for the circular economy in the country, and the forthcoming Circular Economy Bill is expected to strengthen waste and circular economy legislation.