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Sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men's and women's roles. The authors ar gue that women's sport has changed dramatically in recent years while men's sport has changed little. An additional level of change in sport, synthesizing elements of the traditional men's and women's sport experience, would be socially beneficial. Essential elements of play, game, sport, and ath letics, are identified as defined in the emerging sport sciences. Selective socialization of males and females via sport was accomplished through the shaping of "masculine" and "femi nine" sport experiences. The effect of the women's movement has been to adopt traditional sport as instrumentality, rather than masculinity, training. This requires little restructuring of sport by men. A new conception of sport is presented in which the elements of traditional men's and women's sport are theoretically synthesized. Because of the past emphasis on the masculine-instrumental elements of sport, it is hy pothesized that a temporal focus on the feminine-expressive elements is necessary to the occurrence of a synthesis. The paper concludes with a full description of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), which aids in the accomplishment of the synthesis. The history, present issues, and future trends of the AIAW are discussed.

Sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men's and women's roles. The authors ar gue that women's sport has changed dramatically in recent years while men's sport has changed little. An additional level of change in sport, synthesizing elements of the traditional men's and women's sport experience, would be socially beneficial. Essential elements of play, game, sport, and ath letics, are identified as defined in the emerging sport sciences. Selective socialization of males and females via sport was accomplished through the shaping of "masculine" and "femi nine" sport experiences. The effect of the women's movement has been to adopt traditional sport as instrumentality, rather than masculinity, training. This requires little restructuring of sport by men. A new conception of sport is presented in which the elements of traditional men's and women's sport are theoretically synthesized. Because of the past emphasis on the masculine-instrumental elements of sport, it is hy pothesized that a temporal focus on the feminine-expressive elements is necessary to the occurrence of a synthesis. The paper concludes with a full description of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), which aids in the accomplishment of the synthesis. The history, present issues, and future trends of the AIAW are discussed.

Sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men's & women's roles. Women's sports have changed dramatically in recent years while men's have changed little. An additional level of change in sports, synthesizing elements of the traditional men's & women's sports experience, would be socially beneficial. Essential elements of play, game, sports & athletics are identified as defined in the emerging sports sciences. Selective socialization of Ms & Fs via sports was accomplished through the shaping of "masculine" & "feminine" sports experiences. The effect of the women's movement has been to adopt traditional sports as instrumentality, rather than masculinity, training. This requires little restructuring of sports by men. A new conception of sports is presented in which the elements of traditional men's & women's sports are theoretically synthesized. Because of the past emphasis on the masculine-instrumental elements of sports, it is hypothesized that a temporal focus on the feminine-expressive elements is necessary to the occurrence of a synthesis. Described is the Assoc for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), which aids in the accomplishment of the synthesis. The history, present issues, & future trends of the AIAW are discussed. 2 Figures. HA.

This investigation examined how wives of senior politicians perceived their role as the spouse of a politician, and how this perception affected their lives. Ten wives of Israeli senior politicians participated in the study. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted individually, with topics and issues specified in advance. Results demonstrated an inherent structural conflict between the personal and the public aspects of the role of 'politician's wife'. The lifestyle of the participants influenced their perception of their roles and they reported a selection by preference of the roles that best fit their existing lifestyle. Four different attitudes relating to the women's roles and lifestyles emerged from their personal stories. Findings were interpreted in terms of the preference approach.

Since 2006, when the Montenegrin Parliament declared independence, Montenegro had experienced impressive economic growth averaging an annual rate of 8% (until early 2009 when the effects of the global economic crisis began to have an impact) and an upward trend in human development indicators. Nonetheless, these economic trends have been accompanied by a rise in gender inequality in many institutional sectors. This study is the first to investigate that status of women in Montenegrin sport. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine gender differences in sport participation rates as well as women's experiences with both facilitators and barriers to sport involvement. The facilitators to sport participation were family support and a "love for the game." Participants in the focus groups discussed barriers including: lack of family support; gender division of labor; school–sport balance; and lack of resources. Evidence-based strategies to increase and improve women's sport participation in Montenegro are discussed.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction / Cooky, Cheryl / Messner, Michael A. -- Part I. Sport, Gender, and Sexuality -- 1. Gender Ideologies, Youth Sports, and the Production of Soft Essentialism / Messner, Michael A. -- 2. Policing the Boundaries of Sex A Critical Examination of Gender Verification and the Caster Semenya Controversy / Cooky, Cheryl / Dworkin, Shari L. -- 3. Gender Relations and Sport Local, National, Transnational / Messner, Michael A. -- 4. Women, Sports, and Activism / Cooky, Cheryl -- Part II. Sport as Gendered Practice -- 5. Barbie Girls versus Sea Monsters. Children Constructing Gender / Messner, Michael A. -- 6. "Girls Just Aren't Interested" The Social Construction of Interest in Girls' Sport / Cooky, Cheryl -- 7. Ready for Anything the World Gives Her? A Critical Look at Sports- Based Positive Youth Development for Girls / Rauscher, Lauren / Cooky, Cheryl -- 8. Separating the Men from the Moms. The Making of Adult Gender Segregation in Youth Sports / Messner, Michael A. / Bozada-Deas, Suzel -- 9. Gender and Sport Participation in Montenegro / Cooky, Cheryl / Begovic, Marko / Sabo, Don / Oglesby, Carole A. / Snyder, Marj -- Part III. The Gender of Sports Media -- 10. "It's Dude Time!" A Quarter Century of Excluding Women's Sports in Televised News and Highlight Shows / Cooky, Cheryl / Messner, Michael A. / Musto, Michela -- 11 Reflections on Communication and Sport. On Men and Masculinities / Messner, Michael A. -- 12. It's Not about the Game Don Imus, Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in Contemporary Media / Cooky, Cheryl / Wachs, Faye L. / Messner, Michael A. / Dworkin, Shari L. -- 13. "What Makes a Woman a Woman?" versus "Our First Lady of Sport" A Comparative Analysis of the United States and the South African Media Coverage of Caster Semenya / Cooky, Cheryl / Dycus, Ranissa / Dworkin, Shari L. -- About the Authors -- About the Contributors -- Index