Suchergebnisse

Until the late 1980s Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world. Flows of people between the countries, even inside the region, were rather small and sporadic, due to administrative restrictions on foreign travel. Contrary to what was feared in the West around 1990, it has not been flooded by East Europeans newly equipped with the freedom of movement. Indeed, the out‐flow of groups such as ethnic minorities, political opponents, and elites, has diminished. Nevertheless, at least three very dramatic and partly unexpected migration movements have occurred in the region. First: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within the region. Second: an influx of people from outside the region. Third: westbound transit. These three phenomena have a direct and sometimes con‐siderable impact on the countries undergoing the migration flows, provoking in them particular political responses.

Until the beginning of the 1990s Poland did not receive foreign migrants. Thereafter, the situation changed dramatically. A large part of the inflow proved to be illegal migrants, many of whom were in transit to Western Europe. Although these movements gradually declined in the second half of the decade, some became increasingly identified with relatively sophisticated smuggling of people. Foreigners smuggled from the South to the West, together with the international criminal networks assisting them, became typical of the migratory movements of people in Central and Eastern Europe during the 1990s. This article seeks to describe illegal migration from the perspective of Poland, a country often perceived as a major transit area in the smuggling of persons to Western Europe. The conclusions draw on the findings of several surveys recently carried out in Poland. Basic concepts related to illegal migration are defined and juxtaposed, and various myths and stereotypes concerning it that most often stem from the paucity of empirical evidence are examined. Finally, the trends observed in Poland are interpreted within the larger context of contemporary European migration.

Artykuł skupia się na funkcjonowaniu muzyki w sytuacji pandemicznej izolacji. Zawiera przykłady zapośredniczonej technologicznie dźwiękowej aktywności, zarówno po stronie twórców, jak i odbiorców. W polu zainteresowania autorów znalazły się między innymi: homerecording, amatorskie teledyski, domowe covery i wszelkie inne wykonania online, formuła one-man band, pandemiczne playlisty, akcje internetowe oraz lockdown versions, jako nowe zjawisko muzyczne w sieci. W tekście przedstawiono wiele spostrzeżeń związanych z funkcjonowaniem kultury muzycznej, wystrzegano się sądów krytyczno-wartościujących względem muzyki.

L'Union européenne compte onze pays anciennement communistes (Bulgarie, Croatie, Estonie, Hongrie, Lettonie, Lituanie, Pologne, République tchèque, Roumanie, Slovaquie et Slovénie). La population de cet ensemble de pays a baissé de 7 % depuis 1989, alors que celle du reste de l'UE a augmenté de 13 %. Ils étaient démographiquement plus jeunes que le reste de l'Union avant la chute du Mur en 1989, mais leurs populations sont maintenant devenues plus âgées. Ces évolutions tiennent à un faible niveau de fécondité et à une émigration importante des jeunes.