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Chapter 21: Scientific Practice and Democratic Values Democracy and science, it might be thought, go hand in hand. As we commonly think of it, science has its roots in the heritage of Greek thought, and the same is true of democracy. And while Athenian democracy developed at best a complicated relationship with its intellectual luminaries, Athens was nevertheless home to both Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. Nearly two centuries later, the scientific revolution most quickly took root in those nations that had come to have some semblance of democratic rule. While the Republic of Florence had passed under Medici control by the time Galileo was active, Newton's home was then the most democratic nation on earth. During the Cold War, the scientific achievements of the democratic West were often put forth as signs of its superiority over its communist foes, and the existence of Soviet scientist-dissidents such as Andrei Sakharov supported the narrative that the scientific enterprise, necessarily committed to the free exchange of ideas and the pursuit of truth even when socially inconvenient, simply cannot thrive in more oppressive contexts.The truth is admittedly more complicated: scientists aided and sometimes enthusiastically abetted the Nazi regime, and ongoing nuclear proliferation occurs only because of the many scientists—not all of them coerced—willing to contribute to such efforts. But such cases seem to be the exceptions, and they generally involve not the pursuit of science but its technological application. Genuine science plausibly needs, if not democracy, at least adequate freedom of expression in order for ideas to be communicated and critiqued. This was true enough in Galileo's day that scholars had access not only to the great works of the past but also, with some effort, the works of contemporaries.[2] On this account, if open, democratic regimes do not actively cause the flourishing of science, they at least do not suppress it, enabling the possibility of cumulative success over time.But the arrow of causality may also run in the other direction. Democracy may not strictly need science, but it may be the case that the scientific mindset contributes to the quality and integrity of democratic forms of government. Indeed, one of the most persistent correlates to the emergence of democracy is the level of its citizens' education, a point first noted by Seymour Lipset in 1959 and which continues to have significant support today.[3] Importantly, education is not the same as scientific education, and it is quite possible that other features of education, including relevant components of civic education, account for the relationship. Even so, it is plausible to think that scientific thinking and therefore scientific training contribute to the quality and integrity of democratic regimes, and do so beyond the merely instrumental material benefits that science provides.

The past two decades have witnessed an intensifying rise of populist movements globally, and their impact has been felt in both more and less developed countries. Engaging Populism: Democracy and the Intellectual Virtues approaches populism from the perspective of work on the intellectual virtues, including contributions from philosophy, history, religious studies, political psychology, and law. Although recent decades have seen a significant advance in philosophical reflection on intellectual virtues and vices, less effort has been made to date to apply this work to the political realm. While every political movement suffers from various biases, contemporary populisms association with anti-science attitudes and conspiracy theories makes it a potentially rich subject of reflection concerning the role of intellectual virtues in public life. Interdisciplinary in approach, Engaging Populism will be of interest to scholars and students in philosophy, political theory, psychology, and related fields in the humanities and social sciences. .

Introduction : property, governance and plan for the book / Staci M. Zavattaro, Gregory R. Peterson, Ann E. Davis -- Is there a history of property? : periodization of property regimes and paradigms / Ann E. Davis -- Law versus democracy : rewriting the history of property law in the early 20th century / R. Ben Brown -- Early roadway construction and establishing the norm of just compensation for takings / Jill Fraley -- The honest speculator: property, state, and financial regulation in restoration france / Tyson Leuchter -- Ecological economics, property rights, and the environmental "meta-commons" / Donald G. Richards -- Changing historic concepts of water rights and water ownership / Karen Z. Consalo -- An exploration of coastal property rights in the united states under conditions of sea level rise / Chad J. McGuire -- Using property rights as a metaphor to understand personal place brand identity / Staci M. Zavattaro -- Intellectual property and fairness across borders : capabilities account / Gregory R. Peterson -- NIMBY, NAMBY and UAVS : the drone revolution / Timothy M. Ravich -- Conclusion : the future of property / Gregory R. Peterson, Ann E. Davis, Staci M. Zavattaro

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- Part I. Epistemology after Darwin -- Introduction -- The Principles of Psychology -- The Gay Science -- The Evolution of Self- Consciousness -- The Fixation of Belief -- Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the Environment -- The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy -- Part II. Ethics after Darwin -- Introduction -- The Descent of Man -- The Data of Ethics -- The Challenge of Facts -- The Gospel of Wealth -- Socialism -- Mutual Aid -- Human Progress: Past and Future -- The Right to Make War -- The Call of the Wild -- Principia Ethica: Naturalistic Ethics -- Evolution and Ethics -- Part III. The Evolution of Ideas -- Introduction -- Darwinism as a Metaphysical Research Programme -- The Structure of Scientific Revolutions -- The Evolutionary Development of Natural Science -- Memes and the Exploitation of Imagination -- Three Challenges for the Survival of Memetics -- Altruism in Science: A Sociobiological Model of Cooperative Behavior among Scientists -- Why Reason Can't Be Naturalized: Evolutionary Epistemology -- Part IV. The Evolution of Rationality -- Introduction -- Kant's Doctrine of the A Priori in the Light of Contemporary Biology -- The View from Somewhere: A Critical Defense of Evolutionary Epistemology -- How the Mind Works -- Evolution, Thinking, and Rationality -- The Evolutionary Argument against Naturalism: An Initial Statement of the Argument -- Darwin's Doubt, Calvin's Calvary -- Part V. Ethics and Progress -- Introduction -- On Human Nature -- A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation -- Darwinian Conservatism -- Moral Philosophy as Applied Science -- Four Ways of "Biologicizing" Ethics -- A Defense of Evolutionary Ethics -- Part VI. The Evolution of Altruism -- Introduction -- The Liver and the Moral Organ -- Unto Others -- Is Human Morality Innate? -- Game Theory in Evolutionary Biology -- Ethics and Intuitions -- Evolution and Ethics: The Sociobiological Approach -- The Darwinian Moral Sense and Biblical Religion -- Thomistic Natural Law and the Limits of Evolutionary Psychology -- An Evolutionary Account of Evil -- Falling Up: Evolution and Original Sin -- SOURCES AND CREDITS -- FURTHER READING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX