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Abstract. During the investigations into political corruption in Italy, judges emerged in the eyes of the public as the 'heroes' of a peaceful revolution against the 'villainous' politicians. The established explanation for the active role of the judiciary against corruption stresses the unusual degree of independence of Italian judges. Without denying the importance of this institutional variable, analysis of the interactions between politicians and judges in the history of the Italian Republic allows one to discuss the role of other two important variables: the informal networking between politicians and judges, and the professional culture of the magistracy. The three sets of variables are in fact used to explain two different strategies adopted by Italian judges in their interaction with the political system: a strategy of 'role substitution', acccording to which some judges act as a surrogate power for the protection of the citizens against corrupt politicians, and a 'collusive strategy', consisting of various levels of hidden exchanges between judges and politicians. This article is based on an examination of judicial documents relating to 40 episodes of political corruption, in–depth interviews with experts, reports of relevant Parliamentary Inquiry Commissions, requests for indictment of Members of Parliament, official statistics and the daily and weekly press.

Phänomene wie "Globalisierung", "Transnationalisierung" und "zwischennationale Diffusion" werden hinsichtlich ihrer historischen Ausprägung 1968 überprüft. Für die Analyse der internationalen Einflüsse auf die Studentenbewegungen der späten 60er Jahre und ihre Nachfolger wird eine Forschungsanleitung erstellt. In der Theorie der sozialen Bewegungen wird die internationale Dimension herausgearbeitet. Die acht verschiedenen Grundformen der internationalen Interaktion umfassen sowohl den Austausch zwischen Ländern (zwischennationale Diffusion) als auch die länderüberschreitende (transnationale) Aktion. Anhand der Diffusionstheorie werden die Austauschprozesse des Studentenprotests zwischen den nationalen Bewegungen und nationalen Regierungen und der länderüberschreitende Protest in den späten 60er Jahren problematisiert. Dennoch können die Diffusionstheorien die Dynamik des zwischennationalen Austauschs nicht restlos erklären. Insgesamt fehlte es der globalen Identität, die sich 1968 bildete, an der Unterstützung durch dichte organisatorische Netzwerke. (prf).

Protest campaigns against large-scale public works usually take place within a local context. However, since the 1990s new forms of protest have been emerging. This book analyses two cases from Italy that illustrate this development: the environmentalist protest campaigns against the TAV (the building of a new high-speed railway in Val de Susa, close to the border with France), and the construction of the Bridge on the Messina Straits (between Calabria and Sicily). Such mobilizations emerge from local conflicts but develop as part of a global justice movement, often resulting in the production of new identities. They are promoted through multiple networks of different social and political groups, that share common claims and adopt various forms of protest action. It is during the protest campaigns that a sense of community is created

Mediante encuestas efectuadas durante 1983 en el País Vasco y varios estudios publicados, se examina el movimiento nacionalista vasco en España. Dicho movimiento emergió a comienzos de los años 60 como reacción contra el régimen franquista, pero mantuvo rasgos de radicalismo político después de la transición democrática. Existen dos condiciones relevantes para el resurgir del movimiento étnico vasco: la supervivencia de redes de solidaridad basadas en lazos comunitarios, y el crecimiento de una nueva industrialización a comienzos de la década de los 60. La ausencia de reconocimiento político otorgado a los actores colectivos locales durante un período de transformación económica se considera la causa principal de la radicalización del movimiento; las incertidumbres durante la transición democrática fortalecieron la tendencia hacia estrategias violentas. La ideología, estructura, actividades y bases sociales de ETA, la organización nacionalista más radial, se examinan en particular. Las explicaciones macropolíticas son desechadas; en su lugar, las cusas encuentran su explicación en relaciones políticas específicas establecidas en un período de intenso cambio.