Suchergebnisse

Physiology and behavior of food animals -- Reception and unloading of animals -- Lairage and handling -- Practical methods to improve animal handling and restraint -- Mechanical stunning and killing methods -- Electrical stunning and killing methods -- Gas stunning and killing methods -- Fish stunning and killing -- Slaughter without stuning -- Animal welfare at depopulation strategies during disease control actions -- European Council Regulation (EC) 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing -- Future trends to improve welfare at slaughter -- Effect of pre-slaughter handling and stunning on meat quality

Banana and plantain (Musa spp.) are the most important fruit crop in India and play a major role in the livelihood of millions of resource-poor small farmers. Use of quality planting material is very important for increasing productivity. Though conventional suckers are still the primary planting material, use of tissue-culture plants has increased because of their advantages, like more uniform bunches with even maturity and increased yield. However, banana viral pathogens, which are economically important in India, can be inadvertently spread through tissue-culture plants. In order to control the spread of the viruses, virus-indexing techniques were developed at the National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirapalli for early detection in mother plants and tissue-culture plants used for mass propagation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), non-radioactive probe-based nucleic acid spot hybridisation (NASH) and enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) based techniques were developed and validated for routine testing. PCR and NASH tests are being done for detection of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and Banana streak Mysore virus (BSMysV). RT-PCR and ELISA tests are being done for the detection of Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Based on the work done at the centre, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, has accredited the Molecular Virology lab for testing for banana viruses in the country. In total, 15,850 tissue-culture and mother-plant samples were tested against viruses. The percentage of positive plants for BBTV, BSMysV, CMV and BBrMV were 3.83, 2.85, 17.3 and 0.95% respectively. Indexing was done mostly for the cultivars 'Grande Naine' (AAA, Cavendish subgroup), 'Robusta' (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) and 'Hill Banana' (syn. 'Virupakshi', AAB, Pome subgroup). Around 25 tissue-culture banana commercial laboratories are undertaking the services of virus testing. Our laboratory has also developed polyclonal antisera for CMV and BBrMV through recombinant DNA technology, which is currently being validated for ELISA-based testing.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess the dental treatment needs of 12- and 15-year-old school-going children of fishermen community residing at East Coast Road, Chennai. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 35 schools, 2 schools of private and government each were chosen to a final sample size of 650 students. Ethical clearance to conduct the research was obtained. A pilot study was undertaken during February 2012 at St. Joseph school, Kovalam to determine the feasibility of the study and also to determine the sample size. Examination was carried out by a single examiner to assess the treatment needs using World Health Organization Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods pro forma (1997) excluding prosthetic treatment needs. The Chi-square test (χ(2)) was used to find out whether there existed a significant difference in the oral health status between 12- and 15-year-old school children and private and government school children. RESULTS: 12-year-old children and 15-year-old children had a mean decayed-missing-filled teeth value of 2.14 and 2.72, respectively. Majority of the study population 454 (241[68.8%] 12-year-old children and 213[71%] 15-year-old children) need one surface restoration. Majority of the study population 623 (95.8%) had community periodontal index (CPI) score of 2 (i.e., calculus), whereas only 27 (4.1%) of the study population had CPI score of 0 (i.e., healthy gums). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the oral health status of these children was poor with high caries prevalence and high Malocclusion.