Suchergebnisse

Socialinis darbas – profesija, kurios vienas iš siekių yra socialinis teisingumas. Socialinio teisingumo siekis profesinėje veikloje gali būti įgyvendinamas tiek mikro-, tiek makropraktikos lygmeniu. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išsiaiškinti, koks yra socialinio darbuotojų pilietinis ir politinis aktyvumas bei socialinio teisingumo samprata. Keliami šie uždaviniai, kurie atitinka ir straipsnio struktūrą, pirma, apžvelgti mokslinius šaltinius socialinio darbo ir gynybos makropraktikoje, socialinio teisingumo tematika, antra, įvertinti socialinių darbuotojų pilietinį ir politinį aktyvumą, trečia, išanalizuoti socialinių darbuotojų socialinio teisingumo sampratą, pabaigoje pateikti išvadas.Socialinis teisingumas socialiniame darbe yra pagrindinė filosofinė vertybė, kuri kelia pareigą socialiniams darbuotojams ginti klientą makrolygmeniu, palaikyti ir skatinti individų ir visuomenės socialinį funkcionavimą. Atlikti tyrimai apibrėžia politinės veiklos turinį ir funkcijas, pažymi socialinio darbo dinaminį vaidmenį siejant socialinę politiką ir pilietinę visuomenę, atskleidžia socialinių darbuotojų politinę ideologiją, kuri iš esmės liberali, ir analizuoja, kaip ji veikia praktiką, įvardija įsitraukimo į politinę veiklą būdus, apibrėžia įgūdžius siūlant ir keičiant politiką. Vis dėlto socialinio darbo makropraktika yra kritikuojama šiuolaikiniame socioekonominiame kontekste: socialinio darbo organizacijų yra per menkai girdimas, neginamas socialinis teisingumas, siekiant socialinės gerovės ir sprendžiant socialines problemas, orientacija tik į elgesio pokytį yra paviršutiniška, nes neapima žmonių gyvenimo kompleksiškumo, tai tampa tik vadybine funkcija, tolstama nuo socialinės politikos ir socialinių pokyčių. Šitaip profesija neigia "socialinį" socialiniame darbe, silpninant socialinio teisingumo siekį. Socialinio darbo organizacijos per mažai deda pastangų atskleisti paslaugų poreikį bendruomenėse.Turint tikslą išsiaiškinti socialinių darbuotojų politinį ir pilietinį aktyvumą, siekiant socialinio teisingumo, naudojama antrinė Europos socialinės apklausos (ESS) 2010–2012 m.; Europos vertybių tyrimo (EVS) 2008 m. duomenų analizė. Tačiau per maža Lietuvos socialinių darbuotojų imtis minėtose apklausose neleidžia daryti apibendrinimų visai populiacijaii. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad socialinių darbuotojų politinis aktyvumas yra mažas, nes Europos šalių socialiniai darbuotojai šiek tiek domisi politika, o apklausose dalyvavę Lietuvos socialiniai darbuotojai nelabai. Socialiniai darbuotojai nėra ir pilietiškai aktyvūs. Apklausose dalyvavę Lietuvos socialiniai darbuotojai, vertindami įvairius socialinio teisingumo aspektus, labiau linkę pabrėžti individualią atsakomybę nei Europos šalių socialiniai darbuotojai.

The main objective of social work is social justice. The objective of social justice can be achieved through the micro and macro practices. So, the aim of this paper is to find what the political and civil activity of social workers as well as the understanding of social justice are. A few tasks were delivered for the implementation of this purpose. First, the review of the role of social work at macro practice and of advocators and their understanding of social justice was carried out; second, the political and civil activity of social workers was evaluated; third, the understanding of social justice by social workers was analysed, and finally, the conclusions were drawn.The main philosophical value for social work is social justice, which is the base for the advocacy of the client at macro level and which supports and enhances the individuals' and society's functioning. The previous researches show the content and functions of the political activity of social workers, emphasize the dynamic role of social work among civil society and social policy, reveal a liberal political ideology of social workers, analyse how this ideology has impacted the daily practice, disclose the means for the engagement in the political activity, define the skills for the purpose, and change the policy. Despite this, the macro level practice of social work is criticised in the contemporary socio-economic context: the voice of social work is weak; the social justice is undefended; seeking social welfare and dealing with social problems, the social work is focused only on behavioural change and it's superficial, because it doesn't involve the human life complexity, as such a function is only management; the social work recedes from social policy and social development. Thus, the profession neglects the "social" in social work, weakening the objective of social justice. The organisations of social work don't put enough efforts in the disclosure of a demand of social services in communities.The aim of the paper was achieved applying secondary analyses of the European Social Survey 2010–2012 and the European value survey 2008. However, the small sample of Lithuanian social workers in these surveys doesn't allow to summarise the findings for all social workers in the country. The findings revealed that the political activity of social workers is low. Social workers from all the European countries that participated in the surveys indicated that they are somewhat interested in politics, whereas Lithuanian social workers indicated that they are hardly interested. Social workers are not socially active either. Lithuanian social workers, who participated in the surveys, emphasized individual responsibility during the evalutation of various aspects of social justice more than the European social workers. ; Socialinis darbas – profesija, kurios vienas iš siekių yra socialinis teisingumas. Socialinio teisingumo siekis profesinėje veikloje gali būti įgyvendinamas tiek mikro-, tiek makropraktikos lygmeniu. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išsiaiškinti, koks yra socialinio darbuotojų pilietinis ir politinis aktyvumas bei socialinio teisingumo samprata. Keliami šie uždaviniai, kurie atitinka ir straipsnio struktūrą, pirma, apžvelgti mokslinius šaltinius socialinio darbo ir gynybos makropraktikoje, socialinio teisingumo tematika, antra, įvertinti socialinių darbuotojų pilietinį ir politinį aktyvumą, trečia, išanalizuoti socialinių darbuotojų socialinio teisingumo sampratą, pabaigoje pateikti išvadas.Socialinis teisingumas socialiniame darbe yra pagrindinė filosofinė vertybė, kuri kelia pareigą socialiniams darbuotojams ginti klientą makrolygmeniu, palaikyti ir skatinti individų ir visuomenės socialinį funkcionavimą. Atlikti tyrimai apibrėžia politinės veiklos turinį ir funkcijas, pažymi socialinio darbo dinaminį vaidmenį siejant socialinę politiką ir pilietinę visuomenę, atskleidžia socialinių darbuotojų politinę ideologiją, kuri iš esmės liberali, ir analizuoja, kaip ji veikia praktiką, įvardija įsitraukimo į politinę veiklą būdus, apibrėžia įgūdžius siūlant ir keičiant politiką. Vis dėlto socialinio darbo makropraktika yra kritikuojama šiuolaikiniame socioekonominiame kontekste: socialinio darbo organizacijų yra per menkai girdimas, neginamas socialinis teisingumas, siekiant socialinės gerovės ir sprendžiant socialines problemas, orientacija tik į elgesio pokytį yra paviršutiniška, nes neapima žmonių gyvenimo kompleksiškumo, tai tampa tik vadybine funkcija, tolstama nuo socialinės politikos ir socialinių pokyčių. Šitaip profesija neigia "socialinį" socialiniame darbe, silpninant socialinio teisingumo siekį. Socialinio darbo organizacijos per mažai deda pastangų atskleisti paslaugų poreikį bendruomenėse.Turint tikslą išsiaiškinti socialinių darbuotojų politinį ir pilietinį aktyvumą, siekiant socialinio teisingumo, naudojama antrinė Europos socialinės apklausos (ESS) 2010–2012 m.; Europos vertybių tyrimo (EVS) 2008 m. duomenų analizė. Tačiau per maža Lietuvos socialinių darbuotojų imtis minėtose apklausose neleidžia daryti apibendrinimų visai populiacijaii. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad socialinių darbuotojų politinis aktyvumas yra mažas, nes Europos šalių socialiniai darbuotojai šiek tiek domisi politika, o apklausose dalyvavę Lietuvos socialiniai darbuotojai nelabai. Socialiniai darbuotojai nėra ir pilietiškai aktyvūs. Apklausose dalyvavę Lietuvos socialiniai darbuotojai, vertindami įvairius socialinio teisingumo aspektus, labiau linkę pabrėžti individualią atsakomybę nei Europos šalių socialiniai darbuotojai.

The purpose of the article is to extend Lithuanian pension system old age benefits analysis from viewpoint of gender equality. The article is divided in several parts: first- preretirement gender income inequality; second - the types of pension systems and gender old age pension's inequality; third - Lithuanian gender pension benefits and the causes of differences. Equal gender treatment in all areas of life seems solve all problems, which could arise in gender inequality area. Unfortunately, traditional labor division in family and thus in a whole society, conditioned quite unequal economic gender outcomes. Preretirement gender inequality produces gender inequality after retirement. In generally women have lower average wage than men; care periods are inherence for women labor and this is the cause why women participation period in labor market is shorter; earlier women retirement also decreased the number of years participation in labor market; generally women life expectancy is longer than men, this means, that they consume pension longer. Lithuanian social insurance system provides care period guarantees for future pension benefit, but childcare under I year is guaranteed only 60% (now 70%) previous wage. Childcare from 1 until 3 years is guaranteed only basic pension. Child nursing period decrease pension benefit about 15% (until 2001 01 01 it was 20%). According to pension calculator in Lithuania and choose several wages and age options, we could see, that outcomes are unfavorable for women. It is probability, that gender inequality after retirement will increase. Hence, pension system in Lithuania have unresolved gender equality problems.

The article explores the link between financial exclusion and the problems of social exclusion and the at-risk of poverty and highlights relevance in the context of social policy. The study seeks to analyze the problem of over-indebtedness as a threat to financial exclusion. The purpose of the study is implemented by disclosing the concept and causes of financial exclusion, analyzing over-indebtedness measurement and management.
The tendency to over-indebtedness is determined by a whole palette of factors: social, demographic, economic, psychological, behavioral. It examines which groups of society are most likely to face financial difficulties in fulfilling their financial obligations and other household payments and to be over-indebted.
Assessing gross debts of households and the scope of over-indebtedness, links with the socio-economic environment and available demographic data of debtors in Lithuanian municipalities are established. Over-indebtedness figures are analyzed using a secondary analysis of the Centre of Registers (database of open bailiffs' files, 1995–2023), the Official Statistics Portal, and the Employment Service for 2022. The data are analyzed using descriptive statistics, also Pearson correlation and linear regression were performed.
The result of the study shows alarming increase in the amount of over-indebtedness in Lithuania. Over-indebtedness arrears are unevenly distributed among the population of different ages. The situation is not homogeneous between large and small municipalities. Results show that in large municipalities there is strong positive link between debts per person, poverty rate and amount of average salary.
The problem of financial exclusion, and especially over-indebtedness, requires further extended research and increased attention in the political agenda.

This article aims to analyse active labour market policy efficiency for rural young NEETs integration into the labour market in the socioeconomic context of rural municipalities in Lithuania. For the empirical analysis, the administrative data of the public employment service concerning active labour market policy measures, e.g., training and mobility support, subsidised employment, and support for establishing or adapting workplaces of 2018 and 2022, as well as Lithuanian statistics data of 2018 and 2020 are used. The socio-economic environment of rural municipalities was analysed using the economic indicators (complex index), public transport accessibility, average wage, and free vacancies indicators. The recipient's integration into employment after six months of participation in active labour market policy measures is analysed. The data revealed poor economic indicators, undeveloped public transport, lower average salaries, and a need for more vacancies in rural municipalities. The integration into employment fell significantly in two rural municipality clusters after the Covid-19 pandemic.

This article analyses the elderly attitudes on the continuity of working careers in different sectors of the labour market. It discusses theoretical approaches and the determining factors of older people participation in the labour market. Attention is drawn to the impact they have in different labour market sectors. The investigation was carried out in primary quantitative data analysis. The factors of participation in different labour market sectors were analysed using the data of the European Working Conditions Survey (2015). Primary data are treated with the statistical software package (SPSS). Data analysis includes frequency distribution, cross-tabulation, chi-square tests, factor analysis, and logistic regression methods. The research results shown that in Lithuania, three quarters of the elderly want to pursue a professional career, but attitudes vary across sectors. Logistic regression models showed that job and health satisfaction is particularly important for all sectors. Gender is important in agriculture, hotels, and education. In the financial, public administration, education and health services, the role of education plays an important role and increases the attitudes of working longer. Harmful factors identified during the study had an impact on four branches. Psychologically challenging conditions have affected the financial and educational sectors, harmful substances and physically demanding working conditions affect the attitudes of workers in the manufacturing sector, and harmful feelings affect the agricultural sector workers.

[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Viena iš pagrindinių piliečių gerovę užtikrinančių institucijų – šeima, kuri kaip socialinis vienetas veikia pagal tam tikras neformalias ir formalias taisykles. Viena iš visoje Europos Sąjungoje šeimos institutui aktualių problemų – šeimos ir darbo suderinimas, kuriai spręsti kuriama ir tobulinama teisinė bazė. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti Baltijos šalyse suformuotas darbo sąlygų lengvatas, numatytas teisės aktuose ir skirtas šeimoms, auginančioms vaikus. Tyrimui naudojami įstatymų ir 2017 metų MISSOC duomenų bazės duomenys, kurie analizuojami temų analizės metodu, formuluojant jas remiantis įstatymų grupėmis. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kokioms teisinėms priemonėms skiriama daugiausia ir mažiausia dėmesio Baltijos šalyse, pvz., daugiausia dėmesio skiriama komandiruočių, maitinimo krūtimi pertraukų, atostogų garantavimo ir kt. teisiniam reglamentavimui.

[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Viena iš pagrindinių piliečių gerovę užtikrinančių institucijų – šeima, kuri kaip socialinis vienetas veikia pagal tam tikras neformalias ir formalias taisykles. Viena iš visoje Europos Sąjungoje šeimos institutui aktualių problemų – šeimos ir darbo suderinimas, kuriai spręsti kuriama ir tobulinama teisinė bazė. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti Baltijos šalyse suformuotas darbo sąlygų lengvatas, numatytas teisės aktuose ir skirtas šeimoms, auginančioms vaikus. Tyrimui naudojami įstatymų ir 2017 metų MISSOC duomenų bazės duomenys, kurie analizuojami temų analizės metodu, formuluojant jas remiantis įstatymų grupėmis. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kokioms teisinėms priemonėms skiriama daugiausia ir mažiausia dėmesio Baltijos šalyse, pvz., daugiausia dėmesio skiriama komandiruočių, maitinimo krūtimi pertraukų, atostogų garantavimo ir kt. teisiniam reglamentavimui.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] One of the main institutions for the welfare of citizens is the family, which acts as a social unit under certain informal and formal rules. In a society, the functioning of a family is best described using institutional theory, which is defined by such terms as organization, behaviour, order, rules. The rules and order are based on the laws that help family members make decisions and function in society while maintaining the integrity of their institution. During the recent decades, the family, as a social unit, has undergone a relatively strong process of deinstitutionalization, which leads to new, major challenges across the European Union. One of the key challenges is the reconciliation of family life and work, which is crucial. In order to manage setbacks, a legal framework is being improved, the content of which varies according to many different aspects in each EU country, while the EU's objectives and recommendations are the same for all countries. Therefore, there is a need to assess whether different legal instruments create equal or at least similar conditions for family life and work harmonisation. On this basis, the purpose of the study is to compare the favorable work conditions for parents of children under the age of 3 that are provided in the legislation of the Baltic States. To achieve the purpose of the research, the study focuses on these objectives: the analysis of scientific literature based on institutional theory, the analysis of legal acts regulating employment relationship in the Baltic countries,and the laws and data taken from the 2017 MISSOC (Mutual Information System on Social Protection) database. Athematic analysis of the legislation of working conditions, relevant from September to October 2018, was chosenfor the purposes of this study. The topics of the legal acts analysis have been formulated on the basis of law groups.The results of the study show that the Baltic countries mainly focus on business trips, breastfeeding breaks, guaranteedpaid, free and extra annual leave, protection against harmful working conditions and the termination of contracts forlegal regulation. Topics that regulate the least exceptional conditions in the Baltic countries are recruitment, workduring weekends and public holidays, work schedule flexibility, remote working. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Viena iš pagrindinių piliečių gerovę užtikrinančių institucijų – šeima, kuri kaip socialinis vienetas veikia pagal tam tikras neformalias ir formalias taisykles. Viena iš visoje Europos Sąjungoje šeimos institutui aktualių problemų – šeimos ir darbo suderinimas, kuriai spręsti kuriama ir tobulinama teisinė bazė. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti Baltijos šalyse suformuotas darbo sąlygų lengvatas, numatytas teisės aktuose ir skirtas šeimoms, auginančioms vaikus. Tyrimui naudojami įstatymų ir 2017 metų MISSOC duomenų bazės duomenys, kurie analizuojami temų analizės metodu, formuluojant jas remiantis įstatymų grupėmis. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kokioms teisinėms priemonėms skiriama daugiausia ir mažiausia dėmesio Baltijos šalyse, pvz., daugiausia dėmesio skiriama komandiruočių, maitinimo krūtimi pertraukų, atostogų garantavimo ir kt. teisiniam reglamentavimui.

AbstractMandatory pension systems occupy a central role in the system of social security because of the share of social expenditure in national economies. One of the goals of pension system is to redistribute incomes among individuals. However, it is not clear how the intentions to redistribute incomes coincide with the outcomes. In this paper, we will study the difference between the intentions as they are articulated within institutions, with the outcomes that are generated by them. We use the method of comparative institutional analysis in order to find out the differences. Our comparative institutional analysis is based on the grammar of institutions that is proposed by Crawford and Ostrom. Also, in order to understand the differences, we will compare the institutions in relatively similar cases – the Baltic States. The results show that there is a gap between the intentions and outcomes to redistribute incomes among individuals. The findings from the comparative institutional analysis suggest that the most redistributive old age pension system is in Estonia. However, according to the factual information from Eurostat, the greatest distributive effect is produced by the mandatory pension system of Lithuania.

Mandatory pension systems occupy a central role in the system of social security because of the share of social expenditure in national economies. One of the goals of pension system is to redistribute incomes among individuals. However, it is not clear how the intentions to redistribute incomes coincide with the outcomes. In this paper, we will study the difference between the intentions as they are articulated within institutions, with the outcomes that are generated by them. We use the method of comparative institutional analysis in order to find out the differences. Our comparative institutional analysis is based on the grammar of institutions that is proposed by Crawford and Ostrom. Also, in order to understand the differences, we will compare the institutions in relatively similar cases – the Baltic States. The results show that there is a gap between the intentions and outcomes to redistribute incomes among individuals. The findings from the comparative institutional analysis suggest that the most redistributive old age pension system is in Estonia. However, according to the factual information from Eurostat, the greatest distributive effect is produced by the mandatory pension system of Lithuania.

Mandatory pension systems occupy a central role in the system of social security because of the share of social expenditure in national economies. One of the goals of pension system is to redistribute incomes among individuals. However, it is not clear how the intentions to redistribute incomes coincide with the outcomes. In this paper, we will study the difference between the intentions as they are articulated within institutions, with the outcomes that are generated by them. We use the method of comparative institutional analysis in order to find out the differences. Our comparative institutional analysis is based on the grammar of institutions that is proposed by Crawford and Ostrom. Also, in order to understand the differences, we will compare the institutions in relatively similar cases – the Baltic States. The results show that there is a gap between the intentions and outcomes to redistribute incomes among individuals. The findings from the comparative institutional analysis suggest that the most redistributive old age pension system is in Estonia. However, according to the factual information from Eurostat, the greatest distributive effect is produced by the mandatory pension system of Lithuania.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. e decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta-analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work a er retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. e analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. e decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta-analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work a er retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. e analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.