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The countries of Asia and Africa have seen the rise of numerous and powerful socio-political movements during the past few decades, movements which have shaken existing orders and have launched these nations on the road of modernisation. Although these movements have almost always been nationalist in character during the early phases of revolution, subsequently leftist radical movements have arisen; most of these have been Communist.

Communist China today is marked by 2 great processes: industrialization & org. Org is total, reaching from the top of society down to its lowest levels. Everyone is recruited into some group organized & controlled by the regime. At its lowest level, org consists of. numerous small groups, usually numbering no more than 20 pople. These are the 'study' & work groups. It is through these small groups that the masses are controlled & manipulated according to definite org'nal principles uniformly applied throughout the society. These principles call for the development of strong internal solidarity in the small groups as well as disciplined obedience to orders from above (manipulability), both of which are to some extent mutually exclusive. Hence the Communists consistently & universally use certain mechanisms, mainly 'study,' to maintain a dynamic balance between the two. 'Study' is the intensive application of group & self-criticism to individual group members. The considerable success of the Communists in eliciting 'response.' in the small groups is due not only to coercion but also, possibly, to a tradition in China of participation in small, tightly knit associations. AA.