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"This book examines contemporary transportation issues through the lens of various modes of transportation (aviation and airports, inland and short sea shipping, public transit and more) while also focusing on the importance of sustainability, urban planning, and funding. All chapters will provide managerial and policy focus to contemporary transportation issues."

Dr. Smirnova's updated text is devoted to the theoretical studies of radiation effects on mammals. It summarizes 35 years of results the author obtained from analyzing dose rate equivalents for the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and for Solar Particles Events (SPE). This edition also includes two new chapters on skin epidermal epithelium and risk assessment for myeloid leukemia, as well as extended revisions addressing the radiation effects on the blood-forming system. Mathematical models are used to explain the effects of both acute and chronic irradiation on the dynamics of vital body systems, like the hematopoietic system, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the mortality dynamics in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous mammalian populations. The proposed methodology of these studies, the models themselves, and the obtained results are of a great theoretical significance and can find wide practical use

The article explores COVID-19 related Internet memes and treats them as samples of creolized text in a study of the way ethnic and cultural peculiarities of memes are perceived by representatives of two radically different cultural paradigms: the Russians and Chinese. A survey is used as a method of the investigation. Russian and Chinese students, and visual arts experts evaluated Russian and Chinese COVID-19 memes according to several criteria concerning their content, verbal constituent element and visual characteristics. The study concluded that the social and culture-specific components mostly contribute to forming the opinion of the meme and its appreciation. Awareness of both the cultural background and the current social and nation-specific situation is required to decode a full amount of information contained in a meme. Equally important is the visual component in understanding the meme. Thus, the study contributes not only to studying event-specific memes but also broadens the scope of research on memes as a sample of visual culture.

Introduction. Historically, France has always had an impact on the African continent. Despite the independence of most French colonies in Africa, France managed to maintain its position in the region. The system called "Françafrique" was created. The first element of this system is economic cooperation, namely the fact, that Africa provides an opportunity to use its natural resources. Another important element is the military one. The White paper of France has repeatedly emphasized the strategic importance of Africa for the Fifth Republic. In the 2010s, the situation in the region deteriorated. France's assistance in overcoming internal crises in Mali, Chad, Libya can be considered an evidence of the increasing role of France in conflict resolution, and that is the thing which is analyzed by the author in this work.

Methods and materials. While writing the article, both official documents of the French government and analytical works of famous French authors were used. Both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis) and quantitative scientific methods (event analysis and content analysis) are used in the paper.

Analysis. The article is devoted to the activities of France on the African continent in the period from 2011 to 2017. A Special attention is paid to the role of France in the conflict resolution of Africa. In particular, the paper considers France's support for the adoption of the UN resolution in response to the civil war in Libya in 2011 and military intervention in the country; military operations of the Fifth Republic in the Sahel zone – Serval operation and in the Central African Republic – Sangaris operation, military presence of France in Djibouti. The paper emphasizes the key provisions of the French policy towards the African continent aimed at the preservation of French influence in the region.

Results. In the article, the author comes to the following conclusions: France is not ready to abandon its military ambitions, it continues Barkhane operation, without stopping the fight against terrorism in the Sahel region; despite the competition from other countries (in particular, China and Japan), France's military presence in Eastern Africa remains the same, France does not intend to leave the base in Djibouti.

The article tells about a trip to Winston Churchill's Chartwell estate in England. It describes the attractions of the park and tells how the great politician took part in its building. ; В статье рассказывается о поездке в усадьбу Уинстона Черчилля Чартвелл в Англии. Описываются достоинства парка и участие в его строительстве великого политика.

The peculiarities of migration flows in Sub-Saharan Africa, the appearance of conflicts and the process of their arrangement are described in the article. The author examines the main migration trends, reasons, directions, specific features of migration in this region, attempts to show the intercommunication between migration and conflict on the example of the region and determines the degree of mutual influence. The author focuses on the fact that Sub-Saharan Africa is a complex structural system consisting of politically independent elements that frequently interact according to the orderly process. The elements of the system such as states, IGOs, NGOs and politicians cooperate with each other in public relations, create its structure and strengthen the system's integrity. ; В статье выявляются особенности влияния миграционных потоков, циркулирующих в Тропической Африке, на возникновение, течение и процесс урегулирования конфликтов. Автор рассматривает основные миграционные тенденции, присущие для данного региона, отмечает причины, направления, специфические черты миграции в Тропической Африке, предпринимает попытку показать взаимосвязь между миграцией и конфликтом на примере региона, определяет степень взаимного влияния. Автор исходит из того, что регион Тропическая Африка является сложноорганизованной системой, состоящей из политически независимых элементов, которые взаимодействуют со значительной частотой и в соответствии с упорядоченным процессом. Элементы системы: государства, МПО, НПО, политические деятели, – вступают друг с другом в общественные отношения, создают её структуру и придают системе целостность.

Public policy has multiple trade-offs between equity and efficiency, or liberty and security. This article discusses the emerging empirical evidence that in the case of effectiveness and efficiency, there is certain complementarity. The empirical evidence shows that multiple goals can be achieved simultaneously. In the public transit, there is also certain order to how the goals could be achieved, which requires prioritization of the goals.

The article deals with the attitude to Protestantism in the post-soviet Russia. Formation of Protestantism in Russia can be considered in the present paper. Thus, the purposes of this research are to examine formation of Protestantism in Russia, to analyze attitude of Russians to Protestantism and to identify its reasons. The author's periodization of Protestantism formation in Russia is proposed. This periodization is based on 3 criteria: types of Protestants activities at each stage; the government's attitude to it; its functions. It is shown that the establishment of the Russian Protestantism version took five basic steps. In modern Russia, Protestantism has its own history, values it gained its traditions, and it has its own distinctive character. Protestant churches are ready to actively participate in solving the pressing issues facing the people of the country. The authors suggest that the most authoritative of them can and should acquire the status of social partners of state institutions and significantly contribute to the spiritual and moral education of young people, to overcoming child homelessness and neglect, to family strengthening, to improvement of moral atmosphere in society and to the formation of high standards of business, economic and work ethic. The positive development of this process and its dynamics are largely dependent on Russian Protestants consolidation and on their willingness and ability to develop and strengthen interfaith relations and cooperation. According to the article, the attitude of most Russians to Protestantism is largely negative, although most of them have friends or acquaintances among the followers of this religion. The reasons for this are stereotypes in the public opinion of Russians: about the church itself (simplification of ceremonies, of the Bible, of the decoration of the church), and about the personal qualities of the congregation (the rejection of community service and charity, lack of citizenship).KEYWORDS: religion, protestantism, spirituality, morality, social partnership, interfaith cooperation, attitude to protestantism, values of protestantism.

Privatization appeals to citizen and politician desires for more cost‐effective methods of service delivery. For this reason, it is important for public administrators to know when gains can be made by contracting out or privatizing services and when it is better to keep service provision in house. This article assesses the viability of contracting out and privatization of transit services. Following up on the 1986 work of James Perry and Timlynn Babitsky, which used data from the early 1980s, the authors revisit whether certain service delivery arrangements are more efficient and effective than others in the provision of transit services. Twenty‐five years later, they find results similar to those of Perry and Babitsky's original study. Neither the type of government nor whether an agency contracts out has much impact on the efficiency and performance of urban bus services. The main difference between the two studies is that private transit agencies are no longer more efficient or effective than public providers.