Civil government in warlord China: tradition, modernization and Manchuria
In: Studies in modern Chinese history 3
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In: Studies in modern Chinese history 3
In: Modern Asian studies, Band 18, Heft 1, S. 175-176
ISSN: 1469-8099
In: The China quarterly, Band 89, S. 97-104
ISSN: 1468-2648
In: Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars, Band 12, Heft 3, S. 66-67
In: Modern Asian studies, Band 13, Heft 4, S. 643-660
ISSN: 1469-8099
Financial chaos was the rule during China's warlord period from 1916 to 1928. The Central Government in Peking was often short of funds because the warlords who controlled the provinces refused to forward tax receipts to the capital. The effectiveness of the financial administrative machinery in each province varied greatly, and if careful accounts were kept by the provincial governments, they have not been made public. Most confusing of all was the assortment of currencies circulating in the provinces. A bewildering variety of coins and paper notes, generally issued by local banks and money-changing shops, were used in each province, though they would probably not be accepted at face value in the neighbouring province. In some areas foreign currency, such as Mexican silver dollars or Japanese gold yen notes, could also be found in the key market towns. So many currencies were in use that local chambers of commerce met daily to calculate the relative values of the currencies traded in their immediate area.
In: China report: a journal of East Asian studies = Zhong guo shu yi, Band 15, Heft 4, S. 41-47
ISSN: 0973-063X
In: China report: a journal of East Asian studies = Zhong guo shu yi, Band 14, Heft 2, S. 72-73
ISSN: 0973-063X
In: Critical Asian Studies, Band 10, Heft 1, S. 49-50
ISSN: 1472-6033
In: Asian survey, Band 17, Heft 9, S. 886-897
ISSN: 1533-838X
In: Modern Asian studies, Band 4, Heft 2, S. 185-188
ISSN: 1469-8099
In: Pacific affairs, Band 43, Heft 4, S. 592
ISSN: 0030-851X
World Affairs Online
In: China review international: a journal of reviews of scholarly literature in Chinese studies, Band 8, Heft 1, S. 261-265
ISSN: 1527-9367
In: China review international: a journal of reviews of scholarly literature in Chinese studies, Band 7, Heft 1, S. 240-243
ISSN: 1527-9367
In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Band 72, Heft 1, S. 105
ISSN: 1715-3379