"The author contradicts previously commonly expressed opinions on the topics mentioned in the title of the book, many of which are very popular yet have no real support in sources. Therefore, he based his study on rich historiography concerning these issues. For the formulation of his own, often polemical views and to deepen the image author used many archival sources not only Polish (both from country and emigration), but also Russian, Latvian, English and American. The information contained therein were used to present in the book new research findings, which form an essential contribution to the knowledge of the political and military situation of Poland and Poles during World War II
Political decisions and military orders are a special kind of political decision, especially on the strategic and operational levels of command. The article attempts to present political decisions that the military undertook in May 1944 during hostilities in Italy, which in fact were political decisions. An important role in making these decisions was played by the personal ambitions of the commanders.
Many governments and socialites thinks that contemporary American imperialism as an important danger for world peace. A sense of sharing the risk contributed to conclusion, from the imitative of China and Russia, alliance, which plays an increasingly important part in the political and economic system of the world. It is a testimony of strengthen the line of conduct some of the countries, expressed reluctance to expand Western politic and ideology, in particular USA. SCO is a forum for all Central Asian countries, even for countries out of the region, to which US expansionism over the world is not accepted. Shanghai Cooperation Organization which has grown from a regional forum of limited subject of the business, currently is without a doubt a new quality in the global defense policy, not only its members and observers. It's more than a guarantee of security than seeds of conflict.
Since 1918, when both Poland and Lithania regained their independence, the relations between the two countries have been difficult. This article is devoted to an analysis of the sources of the problem. Firstly, the article describes the influence of geopolitical and cultural factors on the relations between the two states, focusing especially on their dissimilarities. To simplify the problem, whereas the roots of Polish culture are grounded in the values, which were brought to the Polish soil by the Catholic Church and West European societies, the Lithuanian culture derives from elements of Byzathine culture, the heritage of Ruthenian and Asian tribes and the remains of the Baltic culture. An important, or perhaps even the most significant, contribution to Lithuanian culture was made by Poland. Secondly, the article analyses the causes for bad relations between the countries during the interwar period. The main source and the symbol of the conflict was Vilnius. Before and in the beginning of the war between Germany and Poland, Lithuania remained neutral, according to the declarations made beforehand. However, when the Soviet Russia invaded Poland, the Lithuanian government took actions that de iure caused Lithuania to lose its neutral stance. During the World War II, the bone of contention – Vilnius – was under occupation for five times subsequently, and, as a result, the relations between the Polish and the Lithuanian became extremely bad. Moreover, after the war the Soviet government used those differences as a tool for realising political goals in dealings with both the Polish nationals living in Lithuania and the Lithuanian. After Lithuania regained independence, the status of the Polish minority in Lithuania was at the core of the conflict. The Lithuanian continue to highlight conflict situations, which rarely ore based on true problems, while at the same time blaming Poland for all of the disputable matters, and imparting historical context on every controversy.
