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This article reviews all published English-language articles concerning collective co-production of welfare services in the United Kingdom, Germany and Norway, which are countries representing different welfare regimes. The review identifies facilitators for collective co-production and inductively identifies four themes that are important for successful collective co-production: (1) the motivation individuals have for engaging in collective co-production, (2) the institutional contextual conditions for co-production, (3) the relational conditions for co-production, and (4) the facilitation of different effects of co-production. No studies have investigated why public sector entities or voluntary sector organisations choose to engage in co-production, and we lack studies that compare sectors with different institutional settings.

This article focuses on collective engagement through voluntary organizations to advance a theoretical understanding of the determinants of varying patterns of co-production, and we conduct an empirical investigation of how these determinants shape local-level co-productive relationships in Norwegian municipalities. We use a policy fields approach in which we compare four policy areas that each constitute an institutional field. The study uses a qualitative design, with data from 89 interviews in 12 municipalities. We find strong systematic differences between the fields, suggesting that the institutional space for local co-production is structured by national welfare policies and public management practices. We also identify feedback processes in co-production between the design and implementation stages of the policy process. We conclude that, unlike the often-prescriptive embrace of co-production in the literature and among policymakers, co-production is a more suitable organizational form in some service areas than others, depending on the institutional context.

AbstractSocial policies are legislated nationally and implemented locally, and despite national attempts at vertical policy coordination, implementation varies. The aim of this article is to better understand variations in local implementation of national policies, emphasising, in particular, structural conditions. Our case is a legislative change in Norway that obliged municipalities to implement compulsory participation and conditionality for young recipients of social assistance. We conducted a comparative case study analysis in which, through 28 qualitative interviews, we compared six municipalities. We found that municipalities that have conceptualised compulsory participation as physical work and long hours in catch‐all programmes are also the municipalities that sanction through benefit cuts. The municipalities that were more reluctant to cut benefits were those with the least straining requirements in terms of content and scope. We discuss local variation in terms of local‐level path dependence, the size of the municipality and state supervision of municipalities.

AbstractArea-based initiatives are central government strategies for community development in particularly deprived urban areas. A core strategy in ABIs is to involve third-sector organizations through co-production. In these areas, the organized civil society is weak, and the public sector has special interests and a willingness to use resources. We ask: if and how can co-production be developed in areas with such power assymetries? Through documents and qualitative interviews, we examined seven ABIs in Norway. We find that managerial ability and coordination, autonomy of action, and, especially, the possession of resources are important dimensions for understanding the development of a co-productive relationship. In the ABIs, we find considerable interdependence between TSO and municipalities as both actors lack resources needed to fulfill their respective goals. This interdependence facilitated co-production.

1 Introduction -- Introduction -- The Nordic Welfare Model -- The Share of Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Welfare Providers -- ECEC in the Nordic Countries -- Three Sets of Goals for ECEC -- Challenges Facing ECEC in the Nordic Countries: Demographic Changes, Accessibility, and Educational Approach -- Explaining Institutional Change -- Approaches to the Provision of Welfare Services -- The Three Actors in the Welfare Mix -- Public Provision or Privatization? -- The Welfare Sector as a Quasi-Market -- The Role of Nonprofit Providers as Part of the Welfare Mix -- The Remainder of This Book: ECEC From a Comparative Nordic Perspective -- References -- 2 Shared Roots—Private Initiatives Along Two Trajectories -- Introduction -- The Dual Trajectory of the ECEC System -- Trajectory 1: Charities Establish Children's Asylums as Protectors from the Dangers of Streets -- Trajectory 2: Philanthropic Kindergartens and For-Profit Child Residential Homes for Wealthy Families -- The Merging of the Two Trajectories -- Fostering a Nordic ECEC Model Through Kindergarten Teacher Education -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 3 From the Fringes to the Heart of the Welfare State—Growth in ECEC Coverage -- Introduction -- Legislative Foundation -- Consolidation and Growth -- Full Coverage -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 4 Changes in the Role of Commercial and Nonprofit ECEC Providers—Deviations from the Nordic Welfare Model? -- Introduction -- Private Growth -- Explaining the Growth of Private Actors: Framework Conditions, Financing, and Public Debates -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 5 Reigning in Provider Diversity? Regulation, Steering, and Supervision -- Introduction -- Educational Promotion—The Rationale for State Steering -- National Policies Pursued in Terms of Regulation and Curriculum -- Securing Compliance—Supervision -- Soft Steering—Manuals and Evaluations -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 6 Does It Matter? Quality Differences Among Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Providers -- Introduction -- Theoretical Underpinnings of Different Ownership and Quality -- Quality of ECEC -- International Experiences: Quality Differences Among Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit ECEC? -- Research in the Nordic Countries on Quality Differences Among Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Providers -- Chapter Summary -- References -- 7 Conclusions -- Introduction -- Why Private Growth in Nordic ECEC? -- How to Respond to Adverse Effects From Marketization? Nordic Attempts to Reign in Quasi-markets -- Governance Challenges in the Welfare Mix -- Why Diversity in Provision? -- A Nordic Dimension in ECEC Governance? -- References.