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Foreword by Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO ; Includes bibliography ; Publication supported by Sweden

Report supported by Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands through the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC).

The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), meeting in Paris, from 9 to 24 November 2021, at its 41st session,. Taking into account, in the adoption and application of this Recommendation, the vast diversity of the laws, regulations and customs which, in different countries, determine the pattern and organization of science, technology and innovation: 1 Adopts the present Recommendation on Open Science on this twenty-third day of November 2021; 2 Recommends that Member States apply the provisions of this Recommendation by taking appropriate steps, including whatever legislative or other measures may be required, in conformity with the constitutional practice and governing structures of each State, to give effect within their jurisdictions to the principles of this Recommendation; 3 Also recommends that Member States bring this Recommendation to the attention of the authorities and bodies responsible for science, technology and innovation, and consult relevant actors concerned with open science; 4 Further recommends that Member States collaborate in bilateral, regional, multilateral and global initiatives for the advancement of open science; 5 Recommends that Member States report to it, at such dates and in such manner as shall be determined, on the action taken in pursuance of this Recommendation.

Preface by Ernesto Ottone R., Assistant Director-General for Culture of UNESCO ; Publication supported by the Republic of Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

Foreword by Nada Al-Nashif, Assistant Director-General of the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO ; Includes bibliography

Foreword by Nada Al-Nashif, Assistant Director-General of the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO ; Includes bibliography

Foreword by Nada Al-Nashif, Assistant Director-General of the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO ; Includes bibliography

Foreword by Nada Al-Nashif, Assistant Director-General of the Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO ; Includes bibliography

Carthage, principal établissement phénicien en Occident, fut fondée au milieu du viiie siècle avant J.-C. Elle devint autonome au vie siècle avant J.-C., se libérant de la tutelle de Tyr, et établit sa suprématie sur les autres établissements phéniciens en Occident, prenant la tête en Afrique du Nord d'un empire dont la création aura de profondes répercussions sur l'histoire de tous les peuples de la Méditerranée occidentale. Au gré de succès militaires et d'alliances, la ville mena une politique profitable, fondée en partie sur le recours à des mercenaires pour combler les faibles effectifs de sa population. Au ve siècle, sa flotte était au niveau de celle de Syracuse et juste un peu plus réduite que la flotte grecque. Elle lui permit une expansion sur le sol africain et des activités commerciales lucratives. La ville exerçait un monopole commercial dans ses territoires et aucun navire n'était autorisé à commercer à l'ouest de Carthage: les marchandises provenant de l'est de la Méditerranée étaient transbordées sur des navires carthaginois et réexportées. Trois guerres opposèrent pendant plus de deux siècles Carthage et Rome, avec des répercussions considérables sur tout le bassin méditerranéen. Détruite par les Romains en 146 avant J.-C. après ces siècles de lutte pour la domination de la Méditerranée, Carthage vit néanmoins son influence persister longtemps. ; peer-reviewed

Éste es un fragmento del "Documento de política para el cambio y el desarrollo en la educación superior", elaborado por la UNESCO.