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The author explains and proves that in epochal changes at the crossroads of centuries and millennia, there are two similar, but in many ways different processes: transit and transition. Transit means the passage of some parts of the state through a complex and unique state in the direction of international independence. From an empirical perspective, transit proceeds in two ways: peacefully or in a conflict or. Transit is, in fact, another name for separation or secession. Transit secession in one state shapes several independent states. In that sense, transit is the exteriorization of national politics, its internationalization and geopoliticization. Although it manifests dramatically, tragically and catastrophically in the secession conflict, in the theoretical discourse of social, national and state changes, transit is covered by the process of transition. Therefore, the author recognizes three approaches to the relationship between transit and transition: transit that is partially differentiated from transition; transit that is fully differentiated from transition and transit equated to transition. The author advocates a clear and principled distinction between the phenomenon of transit and the phenomenon of transition. Finally, the paper emphasizes the chronopolitical moment of geopolitical metamorphoses in which transit precedes and in many ways determines the later transition. Transition as a socio-economic process, i.e. the political-economic structural transformation of the socialist into the capitalist society cannot be sufficiently understood without understanding the previous events of transit. It is precisely the Yugoslav case of the disintegration of a complex state that could be instructive for the current EU integration, and also certain multinational and mononational states that face the danger of extreme regionalism, autonomy and separatism.

The concept of nation by Mikhako Tsereteli is important for several reasons: 1) Anarchists represented extreme left-wing of Georgian society and political sphere. Certain anarchistic ideas as a form of socialist doctrines have begun to exist in Georgia since the 1860s. Mikhako Tsereteli belonged to the group of anarchists, who always considered the concept of nation as prime and prioritized in spite of ideological views. Mikhako Tsereteli was a clear and rare example of how a Georgian thinker preferred to deal with a national problem existing in Georgia rather than his political ideology; 2) Mikhako Tsereteli's opinion about the concept of nation is extremely important, because he is the author of the first sociological research in Georgia – "Nation and Mankind" (1910), in which the author tries to analyze the categories of nation and mankind and it finally leads us to the fact, that Mikhako Tsereteli denies the phenomenon of man and admits original nature of the phenomenon of nation; 3) It is worth noting, that Mikhako Tsereteli was greatly influenced by his contemporary European thinkers, especially sociologists. While formulating the concept of nation, he scrutinizes the theories of nation existing in Europe and forms his own concept of nation on account of criticizing or partially agreeing with the different thinkers' viewpoints such as Salomon Reinach, Ernest Nys, Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, Ernest Renan, de Greef, René Worms, Tard, Otto Bauer, Rudolf Springer. There is no doubt, that Mikhako Tsereteli studied the European theories of nation and created "Nation and Mankind" based on them, which doubles the interest towards the author.

In the article the author attempt to analyze main points of development across the twenty-five years the existence of the system`s part of professional training for public servants, officials, local government officials – the network of the advanced training centers. According to the author, from the very beginning it developed paradoxically – sometimes before the creating regulatory legal acts, sometimes creatively applying its, improvising, each time – in accordance with local conditions, which eventually led to significant autonomy of decision-making centers and the uniqueness of their organization and activities. This diversity and widespread practice of self-resolution of many current issues have led to the high adaptability of the network to the conditions of constant change of the Ukrainian state and social cataclysms, flexibility. Thus, the centers, which were established as the continuation of the soviet "courses", for the most part became convenient platforms for civil communication and, to some extent, leaders in change in the system of public administration. This prepared them for the situation where the training system actually became open – due to the emergence of several new (international and Ukrainian) significant service providers with modern technologies and better funding conditions. The author claims that this is the challenge to the network of centers; the legislative regulation of new relations is not enough only. To successfully overcome the challenges and effectively using the resources of each center and the viability of the network as a whole, is proposing to implement previous intentions regarding cooperation, coordination of efforts, agreeing on the format of future relationships between centers.

AbstractThe conflict between Jammu and Kashmir has acquired a multifaceted character. On one hand, the conflict involves national and territorial contestations between India and Pakistan, and on the other, it entails different kinds of human rights abuses and various political demands by religious, linguistic, regional, and ethnic groups in both parts. This article aims to portrait the images and human rights abuses meted on the people of Jammu and Kashmir. It also urges and pleads to India and Pakistan and all those countries who are taking part directly or indirectly in the territorial disputes or conflict in the region of Jammu and Kashmir to end the conflict. Human rights abuse such as torture, rape, sexual harassment, murder, and unnecessary killings of the people of this region were all condemned by the author of this article. He further requests the international community such as the United Nation to take a bold step in settling the conflict in that region by passing an effective resolution at the international level that will put an end to the conflict. In this article, the author uses a qualitative research method to explore different journals and write up of scholars in finding tangible solutions to the conflict in Jammu and Kashmir. The author also uses a theoretical explanation in the article. The result of this article intends to see that all the main concerning points raised in this write-up are fully considered and implemented by the United Nation in bringing peace and stability in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Conflict in this region has become a worrying issue in the international community and the necessary steps should be taken to bring it to halt.

The paper discusses the general features of the theoretical, epistemological,
and methodological framework of a feminist approach in the early
21st-century Geopolitics with the aim to discover how its proponents
challenge the established ?truths? of (neo)classical geopolitics and make
innovative interventions to ?repair? and improve the knowledge produced in
critical geopolitics. Being the most recent offspring of geopolitical
knowledge that emerged only three decades ago, feminist geopolitics provoked
an immediate backlash from the colleagues from the mainstream political
geography in terms of recognising its disciplinary position. The author
gives an overview of the body of a significant feminist geopolitical work
drawn up based on a selected batch of most important international journals
and edited volumes published since 2001. The author argues that the
contribution of theoretical, epistemological and methodological insights of
feminist geopolitics should be located in counterbalancing of the rigidity
of the discipline mainstream, and in insisting on the analysis of the
intersections of the public (state, global) and the private/intimate (body,
home), interrelatedness of embodied life practices and abstract/bureaucratic
geopolitical projects, as well as on the introduction of post-positivist
methodological approaches and techniques. The paper systemises the most
important feminist research questions, and particularly legitimate topics of
the day, which were ignored or missed by the mainstream geopolitical
research. The author concludes that the feminist approach still remains a
dissident body of knowledge within the geopolitical thought, but with an
emancipatory potential in creating theoretical and political space in which
to articulate a more responsive notion of geopolitics - taken both as
knowledge and practice - that might address victimisation of marginalised
population entangled in imperial projects.

The author of this article has studied the main features of the compliance with discipline and legitimacy by the employees of the agencies of the National Police of Ukraine and special division of the Corps of Operative and Forceful Action. The scientific views on the essence of these terms have been also considered. The author has formed and provided own concepts of the terms of «discipline» and «legitimacy» in the process of serving in the Corps of Operative and Forceful Action. The classification of the types of service discipline has been offered and the features of each of them have been determined. According to the results of the study the author has suggested concrete steps to improve these legal categories within the service process, by amending the relevant specialized legislative acts. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that discipline in the police is the strict and accurate execution by police in accordance with the procedure and rules established by the legislation of Ukraine, official duties, the exercise of their powers and compliance with job restrictions in the course of their official activities. The objective of this article is to study and analyze the existing regulatory base regulating the activities of the National Police of Ukraine and, in particular, the special division COFA, to establish the main features of discipline and legitimacy by the employees, as well as the development of specific ways to improve these legal categories in the process of service. The research was carried out on the basis of formal-logical, comparative-legal and purely legal techniques.

The article analyses English and Lak proverbs describing a man. Proverbs have been chosen as a material of study due to the fact that they are the entities revealing the mentality of a certain ethnic group. The author was compelled to conduct this study owing to the current lack of research in the area of Lak proverbs. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time it has provided a psychological portrait of a man on the basis of the English and Lak languages. Isolated geographical position of Lak and English people was the cause of their inclination for conservative way of life which resulted in the formation of certain stereotypes of a Lak and an Englishman. The aim of the author was to discover those stereotypes by means of detecting universal and specific traits of Lak and English people.

To reach that aim the author grouped the proverbs in thematic layers and provided them with linguocultural commentary. The image of man consists of such characteristics as reliability or unreliability, reserve or verbosity, valiancy or cowardice, ability or inability to fight, patience or impatience and love of food. The analysis showed that the ideal man in both Lak and English culture is the one who is patient, restrained and able to defend himself and his family, including the situation on the battlefield. The difference between the Lak and the English appeared in the degree of man's readiness to fight. For the Laks whose life in the past was passing between wars the key factor was their ability to wage war while the English are more reserved and cautious in their actions.

Introduction. The main purpose of the publication is to recreate members of the Boyar duma and palace administration, to reconstruct the high-ranking structure of the top of the Sovereign court during the period of Boyar rulling on the basis of all published and archival documents.

Methods and materials. The method of genealogical analysis and the method of prosopografical investigation are applied to the research of the duma and palace composition. The author uses information from various editions of genealogical books, Gosudarev rodoslovets of 1555, lists of noble families of the late 17th c., charge and ambassadorial books, acts on land, chronicles, supplementary books of monasteries.

Analysis. The author reveals the features of the highest appointments, dynamics of appointments to the Boyar duma and palace administration during the political crisis of 1533–1547.

Results. The author notes that new appointments in the Boyar duma and palace administration depended not only on the developed political environment, but also on the patrimonial order of inheritance of the highest ranks in a narrow circle of boyar clans notable and close to the throne. One more important conclusion received as a result of the research is that during the studied period powerful aristocrats possessed two ranks of boyars (okolnichy and dvoretsky) at the same time. The explanation of this can be found, perhaps, in the process of bureaucratization of management noted by M.M. Krom, which was expressed in isolation of government from the carrier of the supreme power and formation of the professional group of managers which concentrated the most significant administrative functions in their hands.

PurposeThe distinction between systemic banks (GSIBs) and non-systemic banks (non-GSIBs) is driven by policy reasons. This study aims to examine the behaviour of non-performing loans in European GSIBs and non-GSIBs from 2004 to 2013.Design/methodology/approachThe author uses regression methodology to analyse the association between non-performing loans (NPLs) and the state of the economy.FindingsThe author finds that more profitable banks witness higher NPLs regardless of them being systemic or non-systemic. Secondly, GSIBs have fewer NPLs during economic booms and during periods of increased lending, while non-GSIBs experience higher NPLs during periods of increased lending. The author also observes that European non-GSIBs that exceed regulatory capital requirement also experience higher NPLs. In the post-crisis period, there is a significant and negative relationship between NPLs and the economic cycle for GSIBs in the post-financial crisis period and a significant and positive relationship between NPLs, loan supply and bank profitability for GSIBs in the post-financial crisis period; on the other hand, there is a significant and negative relationship between NPLs and regulatory capital ratios for non-GSIBs in the post-financial crisis period and a significant and positive relationship between NPLs and bank profitability for non-GSIBs in the post-financial crisis period. The findings have implications.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, the literature on the determinants of NPL has not empirically examined the behaviour of NPLs in European GSIBs and non-GSIBs. This paper examines this issue to provide insights to help policymakers and academics understand the peculiarities of NPLs in Europe.

Introduction. There is a scientific, theoretical and practical necessity to understand modern phenomena of revolution and modernization. Тhe political analysis of the influence of revolutionary events and modernization changes on the development of the Cossacks, not only as an ethnic community and social group, but as a kind of "world" that is currently undergoing a revival process, is of particular interest.

Methods and materials. The paper relies on theoretical conclusions of researchers who specialize in the field of the theory of social change and development, political transitology, global studies, ensuring national and global security.

Analysis. This paper presents the scientific analysis of socio-political practices of transformation of the Russian state and society in the historical perspective. The interrelation between the revolutionary events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and the contemporary stage of the national modernization are traced. The author interprets the results of a survey devoted to public opinion of Russians regarding the causes and significance of the revolutionary process of 1917. The paper is focused on the correlation between "revolution" and "modernization" phenomena in the context of setting and achieving goals, tasks, using various technologies of social change.

Results. The author characterizes the influence of modernization transformations on life activities of the ethnic community – the Cossacks. The article identifies the problematic aspects of the Cossacks' "revival" at the present stage of the socio-political modernization of Russia. The author proposes the integrative concept of the etatist model of the political modernization of Russia considering the parameters of stable and safe development.

The author establishes a goal to analyze evolution of asset's definition in professional activity of International Accounting Standards Board and to demonstrate the processes underlying the decision-making activities have been done by its experts. The article describes in chronological order how financial accounting experts introduced improvements on asset's definition from one meeting to another and what kind of ideas of economic and semantic nature were used to back up those improvements. The author also sheds light on and scrutinizes a few papers adopted by International Accounting Standards Board and some other accounting bodies that provided the process of evolution of an asset's definition with relevant concepts and ideas. The article discusses fundamental principles of financial accounting in regards of interrelations between economic benefits and an asset followed by analyzing of related doctrinal teachings of western theoreticians thereto. It was stated that most of theoreticians support the idea that asset and economic benefits are totally different phenomena and article promotes some arguments why this position is true. The author also draws a theoretical conclusion that economic benefits always flow to the entity in case of usage or selling of an asset, but these benefits are generated either in a form of economic benefits as itself or in a form of asset. The article provides a brief analysis of characteristics of a right having a potential to produce economic benefits and what consequences a new definition of an asset can have on accounting treatment in case of shifting away from accounting for physical objects and toward accounting for a right or a set of rights.

The main aim of the research project, that also includes this paper, is the investigation of the social history of Hungarian factory workers from the late nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century in the case of Ózd, a small industrial city in northeast Hungary. For the purpose of this research the author uses not only the traditional historical and statistical sources and methods, but family history, personal history, and life story approaches too. The basic sources of the research are the registers of births, marriages, and deaths, and various kinds of family history and life story interviews. From this material, the author reconstructs a multigenerational worker family life story. Families were one of the determining groups of the Hungarian working class in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The major questions of the research and paper are the following: How is it possible to reconstruct the life stories of ordinary families and people? How can this reconstruction help us gain a deeper insight into the stratification and the internal power/hierarchical structures of the factory and local society? The first part of the study is an outline of the history of the factory and the settlement. The second part reconstructs and analyzes a typical multigenerational family history as a case study. Finally, the article investigates the process of socialization of multigenerational worker families. Through this analysis the author introduces and characterizes the main elements of the value system and the most typical patterns of social behavior of this section of Hungarian workers from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.

Ensuring freedom from threats to security subjects requires the elaboration of a security strategy. The relationship between security strategy and development strategy is the same as that between security and development themselves – one determines the other. For this reason, the purpose of this article is to discuss the essence of security and its basic conceptual categories, as well as the implementation of its provision through strategic efforts. At the beginning, the essence of the phenomenon of security is presented and the most important definitions are quoted. Similarly, the author discusses the concept of strategy and shows the evolution of its understanding. This allows to discuss the typology of security strategies and to mention the most important figures that became part of history thanks to their achievements in the theory of strategy, including Sun Tzu, Thucydides, Alexander the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte. A few of the most important principles formulated by these figures are recalled, which may be important hints for contemporary strategists as well. Finally, the author gives the most important definitions of ideas related to security: the security environment, the interests of the security subject, opportunities, challenges, risks, threats, rules and methods. Their essence is emphasized in the light of the considerations presented above. The author concludes that the strategic categories are superior to the respective political categories and distinguishes three types of contemporary strategic actions. He also recognizes that the biggest challenge in terms of security is the prevention of threats, e.g. by means of stabilization activities whose essence is to maintain and promote the stability of the security environment.

У роботі розглядаються найбільш достовірні варіанти трактувань етноніма «булгар». Підкреслюється значна роль монгольської та чуваської мов для розшифровки цього етноніма. Автор зіставляє назви народів булгар і монголів та робить обґрунтовані висновки й узагальнення.Ключові слова: булгари, Хазарський каганат, гуни, монгольська мова. В работе рассматриваются наиболее достоверные варианты трактовок этнонима «болгар». Подчеркивается значительная роль монгольского и чувашского языков для расшифровки этого этнонима. Автор сопоставляет названия народов булгар и монголов и делает важные выводы и обобщения.Ключевые слова: булгары, Хазарский каганат, гунны, монгольский язык. The article is examined the most reliable variants of Bulgar's ethnonim interpretations. The author has collected from 20 to 30 of these interpretations. It is chosen three of the most relevant to ancient Bulgars' views. The author considers the most appropriate interpretation «the main army». It is partly proved interpretation of the Volgarian Bulgaria residents «wise», which previously had also meaning «strong».There's also a folk etymology from the cave named «Bulgar». Thus it is called the original Bulgars representatives of military units and whole tribes who were on the Hun's service. The source of the military force were mongol-speaking peoples at first Syanbi and then nomadic Iranians. It is consolidated the main achievements of the author's research. The considerable role of Mongolian and Chuvashlanguages is underlined for the interpretation of this ethnonim. An author compares the names, but not people – Bulgars and Mongols. It is also compared such terms as Hun-Bulgarians and Tatar-Mongols in the Eastern Europe steppes history. It is compared the role of Bulgarians with vivid ethno-social phenomenon, as the Cossacks.Key words: bulgars, Khazar khaganate, huns, mongolian language.

The article presents a review and consideration of the main aspects, directions and specifics of research publications on the history of liberal parties in Russia in the early 20th century and their parliamentary representatives (factions) in the State Duma over this period. Carrying out this research, the author used methods of structural-functional analysis, historical-comparative and problem-chronological method, as well as the principle of scientific objectivity. The author carefully examined the enormous work done by researchers on archival materials and sources related to the history of political life in Russia in the early 20th century, its institutions and representatives. At the same time, the research goes beyond consideration of the accumulated experience and views of Russian scientists (A.Ya. Avrekh, D.V. Aronov, A.N. Egorov, V.V. Shelokhayev and others) on the subject matter stated in the title of the article, but also presents the relevant opinions of international historians (L. Edmondson, W.G. Rosenberg, D. Wartenweiler, R. Williams, J. Hosking, M. Stockdale). One of the research results is the analysis of works on the history of the People's Freedom Party (Cadets) as one of the largest liberal parties in Russian politics during the studied period. The author claims that at present moment it seems viable to look at the main aspects of the history of the liberal movement (parties) in Russia in the early 20th century and their parliamentary representatives both for general understanding of the work done by domestic and international historians in this area, and for understanding the specifics of its transformational change regarding the temporary development factor.