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This paper builds upon the discussions on how a city may become a flexible resource for organizing everyday lives, with the homeless not only grasping various opportunities that come their way but also positively impacting urban modalities. By understanding the reasons behind why people adopt such an option, the findings can help policy makers develop policy in an informed manner. There are also theoretical implications as there is minimal research in this area. The analysis has been done through documenting spaces accessed by the homeless, the characteristics of these places, the livelihood associations and the administrative responses towards them.

Carbon Dioxide emissions are not suitable for human health, and it also creates hurdles in the economic growth of any economy. The current study aims to reinvestigate the impact of greenhouse gases like CO2 emissions, including other gases, in the cement industry of Pakistan and its outcome in the shape of an increase in the health expenditures of the citizens. The study employs the ARDL methodology to find the empirical results in the short and long run. For the empirical analysis, the study used time-series data from the WDI database and covered the range from 1990 to 2019. The study finds a strong relationship between CO2 emissions from the cement industry, health expenditures, and economic growth in Pakistan. There is a uni-directional causality running from CO2 emission to health expenses in both the short and long run. The present study makes a significant contribution to the literature on industrial economics and energy economics and its effects on the well-being of people in society. The study explains the changes in the health expenditures of people by considering the emission of CO2 from the cement industry, which is a new dimension in the case of Pakistan. Moreover, the study suggested that the government and policymakers should make environment-friendly and eco-friendly policies to clean the environment for better health and high economic growth. The government should encourage investors to invest in green technology to increase production capacity and improve the environment.

Asian countries have introduced major reforms and new institutional mechanisms to promote the engagement of elected local governments, civil society and the private sector. This book attempts to examine emerging issues in democratic local governance and factors that influenced the impetus for and the substance of reforms. It asks: What have been challenges in designing and implementing decentralization policies and programs? What are the constraints on strengthening citizen participation? What is the impact of reforms to promote gender and rights perspectives in local governance? What is the role of local government in service delivery and access? How effective have the mechanisms for accountability and transparency in local governance been? What are the driving forces influencing democratic local governance reform?

Karachi is a relatively young metropolis. The city is about three centuries old, founded as a port by local Hindu merchants and traders. The British conquered the city in 1839, occupied the entire principality of Sindh in 1843 and designated Karachi as headquarters of the territory. The city experienced different phases of growth. When Pakistan came into being in 1947, a large number of refugees entered the city and the population jumped from 435,000 in 1947 to 1,050,000 in 1951. Karachi has remained the primate city of Pakistan, with a high annual growth rate of 5-7 percent per annum (Ahmed 1998). Current estimates suggest that the city has about 17 million inhabitants.Karachi houses 7 per cent of the total population and 23 per cent of the urban population of Pakistan. Its current rate of growth is estimated at around 5 per cent, of which 3 per cent is due to natural increase and 2 per cent to migration from the other parts of the country. Karachi provides 25 per cent of federal revenue and 15 per cent of Pakistan's gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, 50 per cent of the country's bank deposits and 72 per cent of all issued capital is contributed by the city (Hasan 2010; CDGK 2008). It houses the country's largest stock market and about 26 per cent of the total national industrial establishments.

Karachi is a relatively young metropolis. The city is about three centuries old, founded as a port by local Hindu merchants and traders. The British conquered the city in 1839, occupied the entire principality of Sindh in 1843 and designated Karachi as headquarters of the territory. The city experienced different phases of growth. When Pakistan came into being in 1947, a large number of refugees entered the city and the population jumped from 435,000 in 1947 to 1,050,000 in 1951. Karachi has remained the primate city of Pakistan, with a high annual growth rate of 5-7 percent per annum (Ahmed 1998). Current estimates suggest that the city has about 17 million inhabitants.Karachi houses 7 per cent of the total population and 23 per cent of the urban population of Pakistan. Its current rate of growth is estimated at around 5 per cent, of which 3 per cent is due to natural increase and 2 per cent to migration from the other parts of the country. Karachi provides 25 per cent of federal revenue and 15 per cent of Pakistan's gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, 50 per cent of the country's bank deposits and 72 per cent of all issued capital is contributed by the city (Hasan 2010; CDGK 2008). It houses the country's largest stock market and about 26 per cent of the total national industrial establishments.