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of Volume 7 -- 1 Genetic Factors in Alcohol Abuse: Animal Models -- Animal Models in Alcohol Research -- A Quantitative Genetic Model -- Genetically Defined Populations in Alcohol Research -- Selective Breeding -- Summary -- References -- 2 Genetic Factors in Alcoholism -- Common Methodological Problems in Research on Genetic -- References -- 3 Acute Pharmacological Actions of Ethanol on the Central Nervous System -- Membranes -- Effects of Ethanol on Brain Calcium -- Membrane-dependent Neurotransmitter Activity -- Summary -- References -- 4 Ethanol and Brain Mechanisms of Reward -- Substrates of Brain Stimulation Reward -- Substrates of Drug Reward -- Interactions of Drugs of Abuse with Brain-Stimulation Reward -- Speculations -- References -- 5 Ethanol as a Reinforcer: Comparison with Other Drugs -- Intravenous Drugs as Reinforcers -- Intragastric Drug Self-administration -- Ethanol and Other Drugs as Reinforcers by the Oral Route -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 6 A Behavioral Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Man -- Behavioral Effects of Alcohol and Drugs -- Control of Behavior by Aversive Consequences -- Substance Abuse: Similarities and Differences -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Neurochemical Aspects of Tolerance to and Physical Dependence on Alcohol -- Definitions of Functional Tolerance and Dependence -- Factors Modulating Ethanol Tolerance Development -- Effects of Ethanol Administration on Neurotransmitters -- Neurotransmitter Receptors -- Role of Neuronal Membranes in Development of Tolerance and Dependence -- Role of Condensation Products in Ethanol Tolerance and Dependence -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Metabolic Mechanisms in Tolerance and Physical Dependence on Alcohol -- Metabolic Tolerance -- Metabolism Mechanisms in Physical Dependence -- References -- 9 Endocrine Mechanisms in Tolerance to and Dependence on Alcohol -- Alcohol-Endocrine Interactions -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 The Relationship of Tolerance and Physical Dependence to Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Problems -- A Consideration of the Regulation of Alcohol Consumption -- Tolerance -- Physical Dependence -- Implications for Prevention and Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Brain Dysfunction and Alcohol -- Structural Brain Damage -- Evoked Potentials -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Cognitive Deficits in Alcoholics -- Short-term Effects of Alcohol Ingestion -- Long-term Effects of Alcohol Ingestion -- Theoretical Considerations -- References -- 13 Prenatal Effects of Alcohol Abuse in Humans and Laboratory Animals -- Historical Introduction to Alcohol Abuse in Pregnancy -- Intrauterine Effects of Maternal Alcohol Abuse in Humans -- Animal Models of Maternal Alcohol Use and Abuse -- The Importance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome to Problems of Female Alcohol Abuse -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Amethystic Agents in the Treatment of Alcohol Intoxication -- Available Antagonists of Centrally Active Drugs -- Putative Alcohol Antagonists -- Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Study -- References.

1 Theory and Practice in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- The Development of Alcoholism -- A Pathogenetic Classification of Alcoholics -- Implications for Therapy -- Treatment Models in Alcoholism -- The Multimodal, Multidisciplinary Approach to the Treatment of Alcoholism -- References -- 2 Medical Management of the Alcoholic Patient -- The Role of the Physician in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- Criteria for Diagnosis -- Criteria for Referral and/or Treatment -- Designing a Specific Treatment Plan -- References -- 3 Psychotherapeutic Approach -- General Considerations -- Initial Phase -- Middle Phase -- Late Phase and Termination -- Relationship Issues -- Individual Psychotherapy in Relation to Other Treatment Methods -- Summary -- References -- 4 Engaging the Alcoholic in Treatment and Keeping Him There -- Detection of the Alcoholic -- Engaging the Patient at the Referral Stage -- Keeping the Alcoholic in Treatment -- References -- 5 Toward a Social Model: An Assessment of Social Factors Which Influence Problem Drinking and Its Treatment -- Social Systems Theory and Its Role in the Social Model -- Social Etiological Factors in Drinking Behavior -- Treatment Approaches -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Group Psychotherapy in Alcoholism -- Alcoholics Anonymous -- A Survey of Group Therapy with Alcoholics -- Conjoint and Family Groups -- Summary -- References -- 7 Family Therapy in Alcoholism -- Family Therapy as a Treatment Modality -- Family Therapy in Alcoholism -- Al-Anon Family Groups -- Discussion -- References -- 8 Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Alcoholism -- Behavioral Theories of Alcoholism -- Behavioral Assessment Techniques -- Behavioral Treatment Approaches -- References -- 9 The Role of the Halfway House in the Rehabilitation of Alcoholics -- Halfway Houses -- Residents -- Rehabilitation -- A Theory of Rehabilitation -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Evaluation of Treatment Methods in Chronic Alcoholism -- Treatment Goals and Outcome -- Treatment Length -- Spontaneous Improvement, or What Happens to the Untreated Alcoholic? -- Inpatient Treatment -- Outpatient Treatment -- Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) -- Behavioristically Oriented Psychotherapy -- Drug Treatment -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 11 Factors in the Development of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) -- Introduction: Crisis for a Hungover Doctor -- The Growth and Size of A.A -- The Development of A.A. and Its Structure -- Evaluations of A.A. Effectiveness -- The Literature on A.A -- References -- 12 Role of the Recovered Alcoholic in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- Definitions -- Scope of Chapter -- Roles of the Recovered Alcoholic, Past and Present -- The Alcoholism Counselor as Member of a Treatment Team -- Thoughts on the Future of Recovered Alcoholics as Counselors -- References -- 13 Training for Professionals and Nonprofessionals in Alcoholism -- Significant Components of Training -- Examples of Programs -- Evaluation -- Guidelines for Designing a Training Program -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Public Health Treatment Programs in Alcoholism -- Alcohol Problems in the United States -- The Rise of Organizational Interest in the Problem of Alcoholism -- Social Involvement with Problems of Alcoholism -- Changing Legal Patterns in the Public Approach to Alcoholism -- Involvement of the Federal Government in Alcoholism Problems -- Patterns of Alcohol Use and Abuse within Communities -- The Scope of Public Health Problems Involved in Alcoholism -- Community Alcoholism Treatment Services -- Using Available Agencies: The Experience of Industry -- A Model Alcoholism Treatment Program -- Prevention of Alcoholism -- Summary -- References.

of Volume 4 -- 1 Alcohol Use in Tribal Societies -- 2 Anthropological Perspectives on the Social Biology of Alcohol: An Introduction to the Literature -- 3 Drinking Behavior and Drinking Problems in the United States -- 4 Alcoholism in Women -- 5 Youthful Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Alcoholism -- 6 Family Structure and Behavior in Alcoholism: A Review of the Literature -- 7 The Alcoholic Personality -- 8 Alcoholism and Mortality -- 9 Alcohol and Unintentional Injury -- 10 Alcohol and Crimes of Violence -- 11 Alcohol Abuse and Work Organizations -- 12 Education and the Prevention of Alcoholism -- 13 The Effects of Legal Restraint on Drinking.

Absorption, Diffusion, Distribution, and Elimination of Ethanol: Effects on Biological Membranes -- The Metabolism of Alcohol in Normals and Alcoholics: Enzymes -- Effect of Ethanol on Intracellular Respiration and Cerebral Function -- Effect of Ethanol on Neurohumoral Amine Metabolism -- The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Actions of Ethanol -- The Effect of Alcohol on Carbohydrate Metabolism: Carbohydrate Metabolism in Alcoholics -- Protein, Nucleotide, and Porphyrin Metabolism -- Effects of Ethanol on Lipid, Uric Acid, Intermediary, and Drug Metabolism, Including the Pathogenesis of the Alcoholic Fatty Liver -- Biochemistry of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease in Alcoholism -- Alcohol and Vitamin Metabolism -- The Effect of Alcohol on Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism -- Mineral Metabolism in Alcoholism -- Alcohol-Endocrine Interrelationships -- Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Alcohol -- Biochemical Mechanisms of Alcohol Addiction -- Methods for the Determination of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde -- The Chemistry of Alcoholic Beverages.

Background: Voltage of the P300 component of eventrelated potentials (ERPs) has been proposed as a phenotypic marker of risk for alcoholism. P3a elicited by intrusive events is important in the context of deficits in inhibition found during psychophysiological and behavioral evaluations in children of alcoholics. Methods: ERPs were recorded from a group of adult children of alcoholics (n 5 26) and controls (n 5 23) with a three-stimulus visual oddball paradigm. The task required a difficult perceptual discrimination between a frequent (.80) vertical line and an infrequent (.10) 2° tilted line (target). An easily discriminable nontarget infrequent horizontal line also occurred (.10). Subjects were required to press a button to the target. P3a was compared using mixed-model ANCOVAs at 31 sites organized in 5 scalp regions. Current source density (CSD) maps were also analyzed. Results: High-risk (HR) subjects manifested reduced P3a amplitudes compared to controls at frontal, central, parietal, and temporal electrodes. CSD analyses supported these findings with group differences found for all the scalp regions. Conclusions: The results are discussed in relation to previous HR studies. P3a reductions may be related to deficits in neuronal inhibition during stimulus processing. These results suggest that P3a amplitude may be important as a marker for vulnerability to alcoholism. ; This research was supported by NIH Grants AA08401 and AA08403. Dr. Holguin is a Visiting Research Fellow at the Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Health Science Center, supported by the Galician Government Research Authority (DOG 08/26/1997) ; SI