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What's wrong with targeted advertising in political campaigns? Are echo chambers a matter of genuine concern? How does data collection impact on trust in society? As decision-making becomes increasingly automated, how can decision-makers be held to account? This collection consider potential solutions to these challenges.

These essays explore the overarching phenomenon of how force short of war is being used in modern conflict, and how it impacts just war theory. They show that we need to bring the rules of war into alignment with increasingly digital means of conducting kinetic warfare through the force short of war paradigm. The use of force short of war is now commonplace, in large part owing to casualty averseness and the explosion of emerging technologies, most notably drones, autonomous robotics and cyberwarfare. It often involves the selective or limited use of military force to achieve political objectives and assumes many forms. These include targeted killing, assassination, special-forces raids, limited duration bombing campaigns or missile strikes, and 'low intensity' counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations. Key Features: Investigates innovative normative methods for aligning modern conflict with contemporary ethical and legal expectations. Presents a new way to understand and potentially reconcile a centuries-old theoretical dispute between classical and revisionist accounts of just war. Provides a means of better governing the use of emerging military technologies that have plagued governments in recent times. Opens new avenues for thinking about the ethics of robotic, cyber and other novel military technologies in the context of military and political decision-making.

Introduction -- The rise of unmanned systems -- Justifications for the employment of unmanned systems -- Just unmanned warfare : old rules for new wars? -- Unmanned warfare : technological and operational dimensions -- Unmanned warfare: the moral costs of changing mindsets -- The asymmetry objection -- Unmanned systems and war's end : prospects for lasting peace -- The responsibility gap -- Conclusion

1 Introduction 1. - 2 The rise of unmanned systems 15. - 3 Justifications for the employment of unmanned systems 37. - 4 Just unmanned warfare: Old rules for new wars? 65. - 5 Unmanned warfare: Technological and operational dimensions 95. - 6 Unmanned warfare: The moral costs of changing mindsets 127. - 7 The asymmetry objection 165. - 8 Unmanned systems and war's end: Prospects for lasting peace 187. - 9 The responsibility gap 211. - 10 Conclusion 233