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Intro -- Preface: A Pan-Selectionist Model of Evolution and Development -- Introduction -- Historical Precedence -- Selection by Sources of Consequences Versus Selection by Vehicles of Consequences -- The Pervasiveness of Epigenetic Selection -- The Molecular Biology of Epigenesis -- Implications of Epigenetic Mechanisms for Gene-Environment Transactions -- Conclusions -- References -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- A Philosophical Fable -- The Present Volume: From Possible to Patent -- 1: An Intellectual History of Multilevel Selection from Darwin to Dawkins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Darwin and the Descent of Man -- 3 From Heterodoxy to Heretical Anathema -- 4 Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness Theory -- 5 Reciprocal Altruism -- 6 The Gene's-Eye View -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 2: An Intellectual History of Multilevel Selection: Reformulation and Resuscitation -- 1 The Resurgence of Group Selection -- 2 Neo-group Selectionism -- 3 Pressing the Offensive -- 4 Commentary on the Controversy -- 5 Multiple Levels of Aggregation: A Brief Illustrative Survey -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Theoretical Foundations of Multilevel Selection Among Humans -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cultural Evolution Theories -- 3 Gene-Culture Coevolution -- 4 Cultural Group Selection: The Case of Morality and Moralistic Punishment -- 5 Cultural Group Selection: The Case of Religion -- 6 Multilevel Section Expanded -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 4: Aggregation: From Ethnic and Regional Competition to Group Selection at the Level of States and Nations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Primate Despotism and the Evolution of Human Supralocal Societies -- 3 Egalitarian and Stratified Systems -- 4 The Nomad and the Cultivator -- 5 Did War Make the State? -- 6 Asabiyyah -- 7 The Ecology of Asabiyyah -- 8 Conclusions.
In: Politics and the life sciences: PLS ; a journal of political behavior, ethics, and policy, Band 23, Heft 1, S. 60-66
ISSN: 1471-5457
In: Politics and the life sciences: PLS ; a journal of political behavior, ethics, and policy, Band 16, Heft 1, S. 57-75
ISSN: 1471-5457
Although few companies are currently applying genetic tests or using genetic data, further developments in genetics will likely increase the role of genetics in the workplace. This article discusses the complex ethical issues raised by the variety of genetic tests that could become available and proposes guidelines for dealing with genetics in the workplace. It discusses how the results of genetic testing could be used for employment purposes, and argues that the existence of unequal bargaining power in the workplace limits the validity of consent as a basis for policymaking. Instead, two specific justifications for genetic testing in the workplace are proposed: the protection of health and the avoidance of harm to others. The author suggests that genetic testing should be permitted only in exceptional circumstances and that every genetic test should be evaluated on its scientific validity and submitted to rigorous review. Existing antidiscrimination law proves to be a useful model for examining the rationality and proportionality of genetic testing in the workplace.
Background: Research on attitudes toward genetics and medicine registers skepticism among minority communities, but the reasons for this skepticism are not well known. In the past, studies linked mistrust of the medical system to historical ethics violations involving minority groups and to suspicions about ideological premise and political intent. Methods: To assess public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding human-genetics research, we surveyed 858 Americans onsite in four community settings or online in a geographically nonspecific manner. Results: Compared to participants as a whole, African Americans were significantly more likely to believe that clinical trials might be dangerous and that the federal government knowingly conducted unethical research, including studies in which risky vaccines were administered to prison populations. However, African Americans were also significantly more likely to believe that the federal government worked to prevent environmental exposure to toxicants harmful to people with genetic vulnerabilities. Conclusions: Our data suggest that most Americans trust government to act ethically in sponsoring and conducting research, including genetics research, but that African Americans are particularly likely to see government as powerfully protective in some settings yet selectively disingenuous in others.
BASE
In: Politics and the life sciences: PLS ; a journal of political behavior, ethics, and policy, Band 37, Heft 2, S. 262-277
ISSN: 1471-5457
In: Politics and the life sciences: PLS ; a journal of political behavior, ethics, and policy, Band 23, Heft 1, S. 34-41
ISSN: 1471-5457
In: Journal of Theoretical Politics, Band 24, Heft 3, S. 389-408
Recent developments in spatial voting have moved beyond finding the most appropriate utility function and started to assess individual differences in decision strategy. The question is not if a proximity or directional worldview performs better in general, rather under what conditions do people pick one strategy over the other? We draw on psychological theories to develop a survey-based measure of individual decision strategy and take a behavior genetic route to explaining the individual differences. We argue that dispositional traits shape whether an individual develops a directional or proximity worldview of the political arena. Utilizing a classical twin design, we capitalize on the documented relationship between partisanship and a directionalist worldview. We find that, in the Minnesota Twin Political Survey, both the strength of party identification and directional voting are moderately (~20 percent) but significantly (p < 0.05) heritable with no socialized component contributing to the variance. The covariation between the two traits is predominantly driven by common underlying genetic effects (p < 0.01). Implications for the rational voter models are discussed in light of the findings. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]
Motivated by earlier work studying the genetic basis of political attitudes (Martin, Eaves, Heath, Jardine, Feingold & Eysenck 1986, Alford, Funk & Hibbing 2005), researchers found that political behaviors such as voter turnout (Fowler, Baker & Dawes 2008), broader participation (Fowler, Baker & Dawes 2008), and partisan attachment (Settle, Dawes & Fowler 2009, Hatemi, Hibbing, Alford, Martin & Eaves 2009) also have a significant heritable component. These findings prompted a great deal of discussion and debate and helped spawn the nascent field of "genopolitics". However, in order to push this area of research forward scholars must identify causal mechanisms linking genes to political behaviors. The goal of this dissertation, which is made up of three distinct chapters, is to explore potential causal pathways my testing potential mediators such as personality traits and cognitive ability as well as identifying new genetic variants that may be associated with political behaviors. The first chapter presents a twin study testing whether the psychological traits cognitive ability, personal control, and extraversion mediate the relationship between genes and political predisposition and acts of participation. The second chapter is a candidate gene association study that tests the hypothesis that extraversion mediates a relationship between a variant of the COMT gene and partisan attachment. The third chapter presents the results from a genome-wide association study of validated voter turnout in the 2010 election. To complete this work I have utilized four novel genetically informative data sets. Two of these data sets were constructed here at UCSD, one at the University of Minnesota, and another with a research team from Sweden. All three studies shed new light on the relationship between genes and these political behaviors. However, the mediation results from Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 suggest only a modest amount of the relationship between genes and political behaviors are mediated by personality traits and cognitive ability. In addition, the investigation of over 500,000 genetic variants presented in Chapter 3 did not turn up many new significant associations. However, all three chapters provide a template for how future work in this area should be done as well as highlight the pitfalls in this burgeoning area of research
BASE
In: Philosophy and Medicine 75
Advances in genetics, such as the Human Genome Project's successful mapping of the human genome and the discovery of ever more sites of disease-related mutations, invite re-examination of basic concepts underlying our fundamental social practices and institutions. Having children, assigning responsibility, identifying causes, using social and scientific resources to improve human well-being, among other concepts, will never be the same. Our concepts of moral and legal responsibility, cause and effect, disease prevention, health, disability, enhancement, personal identity, and reproductive autonomy and responsibility are all subtly changing in response to developments in genetics. Biology, law, medicine, and other disciplines are also evolving in response to mutating concepts in genetics itself-for example, dominance, causation, behavior, gene expression, and gene. The selections in this volume employ philosophical and historical perspectives to shed light on classic social, ethical, and philosophical issues raised with renewed urgency against the backdrop of the mapping of the human genome
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 661, Heft 1, S. 65-84
ISSN: 1552-3349
This article addresses the argument that there is variation between races in the biological basis for social behavior. The article uses Nicholas Wade's popular book, A Troublesome Inheritance, as the point of departure for a discussion of attendant issues, including the extent to which human races can be definitively demarcated biologically, the extent to which genetics is related to contemporary definitions of race, and the role of natural selection as a possible mechanism for change in modern societies. My critical review of the theory and evidence for an evolutionary view of racial determinism finds that genetics does not explain the relative status and well-being of today's racially identified groups or their broader societies.
In: Journal of theoretical politics, Band 24, Heft 3, S. 389-408
ISSN: 1460-3667
Recent developments in spatial voting have moved beyond finding the most appropriate utility function and started to assess individual differences in decision strategy. The question is not if a proximity or directional worldview performs better in general, rather under what conditions do people pick one strategy over the other? We draw on psychological theories to develop a survey-based measure of individual decision strategy and take a behavior genetic route to explaining the individual differences. We argue that dispositional traits shape whether an individual develops a directional or proximity worldview of the political arena. Utilizing a classical twin design, we capitalize on the documented relationship between partisanship and a directionalist worldview. We find that, in the Minnesota Twin Political Survey, both the strength of party identification and directional voting are moderately (~20 percent) but significantly ( p < 0.05) heritable with no socialized component contributing to the variance. The covariation between the two traits is predominantly driven by common underlying genetic effects ( p < 0.01). Implications for the rational voter models are discussed in light of the findings.
In: Political behavior, Band 35, Heft 2, S. 383-408
ISSN: 1573-6687
There is a growing interest in empirically exploring the biological underpinnings of political attitudes and behavior. Heritability studies are a primary vehicle for conducting such investigations and data sets rich in political phenotypes are becoming broadly accessible. A bottleneck exists, however, in exploiting these opportunities because they involve a statistical re-tooling for political scientists and require a conceptual shift that has substantial implications for the field's traditional theoretical models. Methodologically, most twin studies rely on structural equation models unfamiliar to political scientists. We show this methodological bottleneck is easily navigable; it is the lesser discussed shift in theoretical assumptions poses the larger problem to integrating biological elements into the study of political attitudes and behavior. To address these issues we provide a detailed introduction to a regression-based method for analyzing genetic influence on political attitudes and behaviors that will be methodologically intuitive to political scientists with even minimum quantitative training. In doing so, we provide a platform for bridging important conceptual divides between political science and behavioral genetics. Adapted from the source document.
In: Ecological Research Monographs
In: Springer eBook Collection
Chapter 1. Laterality of Fish – Anti-symmetry in Fish Populations Maintained by the Interspecific Interaction -- Chapter 2. Universality of laterality among fish and invertebrates in aquatic communities -- Chapter 3.Predominance of Cross Predation or Parallel Predation in Fish -- Chapter 4.Behavioral laterality in the scale-eating cichlid fish: detailed movement, development, and neuronal mechanisms -- Chapter 5.Models of Lateral Asymmetry Dynamics:Realistic Oscillations by Time Delay andFrequency Dependence -- Chapter 6.Mathematical models of predators and prey with laterality -- Chapter 7.Statistical Analysis of Lateral Asymmetry:Detect Antisymmetry and Oscillation fromUnequal-Interval Binomial Data -- Chapter 8.Models of Genetic System of LateralAsymmetry: Population Dynamics DriveEvolution of Genetic System -- Chapter 9.Mechanisms Underlying Variations in the Dentition Asymmetry of Asian Snail-Eating Snakes -- Chapter 10.Single-gene speciation, balanced polymorphism, and antagonistic coevolution in left-right asymmetry of land snails.