En los últimos años se ha venido realzando el papel jugado por el ejército romano, como uno de los principales estímulos del comercio a larga de distancia durante el período altoimperial, al favorecer los intercambios entre provincias cuyas economías eran complementarias. Resulta obvio, a través de las numerosas evidencias arqueológicas que estos contactos interprovinciales existieron, si bien los testimonios arqueológicos no siempre proporcionan detalles sobre los mecanismos de intercambio operantes ni la estructura real de la red de aprovisionamiento militar. Es por esta razón, que se ha creído conveniente abordar aquí ambos temas, aprovisionamiento militar y mecanismos de intercambio combinando epigrafía y arqueología, a partir del estudio específico de dos provincias romanas con presencia militar, pero con condicionantes distintos, como son Britannia e Hispania.
En los últimos años se ha venido realzando el papel jugado por el ejército romano, como uno de los principales estímulos del comercio a larga de distancia durante el período altoimperial, al favorecer los intercambios entre provincias cuyas economías eran complementarias. Resulta obvio, a través de las numerosas evidencias arqueológicas que estos contactos interprovinciales existieron, si bien los testimonios arqueológicos no siempre proporcionan detalles sobre los mecanismos de intercambio operantes ni la estructura real de la red de aprovisionamiento militar. Es por esta razón, que se ha creído conveniente abordar aquí ambos temas, aprovisionamiento militar y mecanismos de intercambio combinando epigrafía y arqueología, a partir del estudio específico de dos provincias romanas con presencia militar, pero con condiciones distintos, como son Britannia e Hispania.
International audience ; Les armées au service de l'administration de Rome et de ses provinces constituent le thème central de cet ouvrage consacré aux beneficiarii, des soldats libérés des corvées militaires à proprement parler et choisis pour être mis au service personnel des officiers, procurateurs, préfets et gouverneurs provinciaux. Cette étude s'appuie sur l'ensemble des sources littéraires, épigraphiques, papyrologiques et archéologiques, du ier s. a.C. au vie s. p.C., et s'attache à illustrer les multiples fonctions exercées par des bénéficiaires, dans toutes les régions de l'Empire. Débutant par une réflexion méthodologique sur l'exploitation des sources, elle aborde des questions telles que le pouvoir personnel et la position hiérarchique, les carrières et les promotions, la relation avec les communautés civiles, la religion et la politique, le milieu socio-économique, l'alphabétisation, le fonctionnement et l'évolution de l'administration provinciale (organisation de la police, de la justice, du contrôle des finances, des communications et du transfert de l'information). L'effort de cerner la nature et le rôle des beneficiarii s'ouvre ainsi sur un champ d'investigation qui déborde largement les limites des camps et de la vie militaire pour s'inscrire au cœur de l'étude de l'administration des provinces de l'Empire romain.
International audience ; Les armées au service de l'administration de Rome et de ses provinces constituent le thème central de cet ouvrage consacré aux beneficiarii, des soldats libérés des corvées militaires à proprement parler et choisis pour être mis au service personnel des officiers, procurateurs, préfets et gouverneurs provinciaux. Cette étude s'appuie sur l'ensemble des sources littéraires, épigraphiques, papyrologiques et archéologiques, du ier s. a.C. au vie s. p.C., et s'attache à illustrer les multiples fonctions exercées par des bénéficiaires, dans toutes les régions de l'Empire. Débutant par une réflexion méthodologique sur l'exploitation des sources, elle aborde des questions telles que le pouvoir personnel et la position hiérarchique, les carrières et les promotions, la relation avec les communautés civiles, la religion et la politique, le milieu socio-économique, l'alphabétisation, le fonctionnement et l'évolution de l'administration provinciale (organisation de la police, de la justice, du contrôle des finances, des communications et du transfert de l'information). L'effort de cerner la nature et le rôle des beneficiarii s'ouvre ainsi sur un champ d'investigation qui déborde largement les limites des camps et de la vie militaire pour s'inscrire au cœur de l'étude de l'administration des provinces de l'Empire romain.
The epigraphical documentation from the city of Carthago Nova is scanty in regard to the Roman Army neither to the military subject. An exception to that is the epitaph erected by a beneficiarius consularis in honor of his very young wife, suddenly dead in the city before age 2. Our commentaries and critical notes are focused here in the role of the beneficiarius (from the beneficiarii) consularis, refining some published previous opinions about this textual evidence. ; La epigrafía de Carthago Nova es exigua en documentos relativos a militares o al ejército romano. Una excepción es el epitafio erigido por un beneficiarius consularis en honor de su jovencísima esposa, muerta inesperadamente en la ciudad antes de cumplir los 20 años. Nuestros comentarios y notas se centran aquí en el papel del beneficiarius (de los beneficiarii) consularis, matizando algunas opiniones publicadas antes sobre este texto. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Carthago Nova (Hispania Citerior) - Epitafio - Beneficiarius consularis - Officium consularis - Uxores beneficiarorum.
Roman emperors from Augustus to Julian -- Maps of the Roman Empire -- "Arrest me, for I have run away": fugitive slave hunting in the Roman Empire -- "Like a thief in the night": self-help, magisterial authority, and civilian policing -- "I brought peace to the provinces": Augustus and the rhetoric of imperial peace -- "To squelch the discord of the rabble": military policing in Rome and Italy under Augustus' successors -- "Let there be no violence contrary to my wish": emperors and provincial order -- "Keep your province pacified and quiet": provincial governors, public order, and policing -- "Military stations throughout all provinces": detached-service soldier-police -- Appendix: Differentiating stationarii from beneficiarii consulares and other detached-service soldiers
La entrada oficial en la historia de lo que sería conocida como Legio VII Gemina Pia Felix en Hispania, fue el inicio de un nuevo periodo que marcó las relaciones entre la provincia Hispania y Roma. No obstante, esta ocupación por parte del ejército, posiblemente no llegó a alterar de forma drástica el cometido ni las funciones de una institución militar, que llegó a constituir uno de los pilares fundamentales del régimen imperial. La asociación o dualidad ejército/provincia, se ha podido observar de una manera más profunda en el caso de la Península Ibérica, ya que los contingentes romanos fueron uno de los elementos determinantes en la configuración de las provincias más romanizadas del Mediterráneo Occidental, especialmente a partir del Alto Imperio. La evolución de los territorios hispanos y su romanización, fue siempre acompañada de la presencia de tropas romanas, aunque no siempre con éxito, cómo pudo suceder en la zona noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Dentro de los puestos y funciones del ejército, en este trabajo se va estudiar el desarrollo de los suboficiales, (especialmente los beneficiarii, frumentarii y cornicularii) de la legión VII, así como los soldados veteranii que llegaron a tener una relación más estrecha entre el ejército y la sociedad nativa durante la denominada Pax Romana, entre los siglos I al III d.C. ; The official access into the history of what would be known as Legio VII Gémina Pia Félix in Hispania, was the beginning of a new period that standed out the relationship between the Hispanic Province and Rome. However, this occupation by the army could not possibly alter the drastic form of the assignment or the functions of a military institution, which became one of the fundamental pillars of the imperial regime. The association or duality army / province, has been observed in a deeper way in the case of the Iberian Peninsula, although the Roman contingents were one of the determining elements in the configuration of the most Romanized provinces of the Western Mediterranean, especially from the High Empire. The evolution of the Hispanic territories and their romanization, always was accompanied by the presence of Roman troops, although not always successful, as could have happened in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Within the positions and functions of the army, this work will study the development of non-commissioned officers (especially beneficiarii, frumentarii and cornicularii) of Legio VII, as well as veteranii soldiers that a closer relationship between the army and native society, was taken during the Pax Romana, between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. ; L'entrada oficial a la història del que seria coneguda com a Legio VII Gemina Pia Felix a Hispània, va ser l'inici d'un nou període que va marcar les relacions entre la província Hispània i Roma. No obstant això, aquesta ocupació per part de l'exèrcit, possiblement no va arribar a alterar de forma dràstica la comesa ni les funcions d'una institució militar, que va arribar a constituir un dels pilars fonamentals del règim imperial. L'associació o dualitat, exèrcit / província, s'ha pogut observar d'una manera més profunda en el cas de la península Ibèrica, ja que els contingents romans van ser un dels elements determinants en la configuració de les províncies més romanitzades de la Mediterrània Occidental, especialment a partir de l'Alt Imperi. L'evolució dels territoris hispans i la seva romanització, va ser sempre acompanyada de la presència de tropes romanes, encara que no sempre amb èxit, com va poder succeir a la zona nord-oest de la península Ibèrica. Dins dels llocs i funcions de l'exèrcit, en aquest treball es va estudiar el desenvolupament dels sotsoficials (especialment els beneficiarii, frumentarii i cornicularii) de la legió VII, així com els soldats veteranii que van arribar a tenir una relació més estreta entre l'exèrcit i la societat nativa durant l'anomenada Pax Romana, entre els segles I - III d.C.
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood's history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the excavations led by the late Mr Charlie Hoy (d 1991), an Edinburgh amateur archaeologist working principally with the Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society and latterly on his own. His excavations have recovered a wide range of evidence from the Mesolithic through the Roman and medieval periods up to the post-medieval development of Cramond House Estate. Hoy's investigations have been hugely important to our understanding of the Roman fort's associated annexe/extramural settlement, in particular providing new evidence for its origins in the Antonine period, and for Severan occupation, as well as uncovering a multi-phased road and associated wooden structures. In addition, the artefact assemblage further adds to the corpus from the site and includes an internationally significant sword pendant belonging to a beneficiarius (beneficiarii were troops on special service for the provincial governor) that demonstrates the presence of German troops at the fort, and perhaps hints at the presence of the emperor himself.
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood's history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the excavations led by the late Mr Charlie Hoy (d 1991), an Edinburgh amateur archaeologist working principally with the Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society and latterly on his own. His excavations have recovered a wide range of evidence from the Mesolithic through the Roman and medieval periods up to the post-medieval development of Cramond House Estate. Hoy's investigations have been hugely important to our understanding of the Roman fort's associated annexe/extramural settlement, in particular providing new evidence for its origins in the Antonine period, and for Severan occupation, as well as uncovering a multi-phased road and associated wooden structures. In addition, the artefact assemblage further adds to the corpus from the site and includes an internationally significant sword pendant belonging to a beneficiarius (beneficiarii were troops on special service for the provincial governor) that demonstrates the presence of German troops at the fort, and perhaps hints at the presence of the emperor himself.
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood's history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the excavations led by the late Mr Charlie Hoy (d 1991), an Edinburgh amateur archaeologist working principally with the Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society and latterly on his own. His excavations have recovered a wide range of evidence from the Mesolithic through the Roman and medieval periods up to the post-medieval development of Cramond House Estate. Hoy's investigations have been hugely important to our understanding of the Roman fort's associated annexe/extramural settlement, in particular providing new evidence for its origins in the Antonine period, and for Severan occupation, as well as uncovering a multi-phased road and associated wooden structures. In addition, the artefact assemblage further adds to the corpus from the site and includes an internationally significant sword pendant belonging to a beneficiarius (beneficiarii were troops on special service for the provincial governor) that demonstrates the presence of German troops at the fort, and perhaps hints at the presence of the emperor himself.
Cramond Roman Fort has been the focus of archaeological interest since the publication of John Wood's history of the parish in the late 18th century, with a floruit of activity in the latter half of the 20th century. Playing an important part in this volume of work have been the excavations led by the late Mr Charlie Hoy (d 1991), an Edinburgh amateur archaeologist working principally with the Edinburgh Archaeological Field Society and latterly on his own. His excavations have recovered a wide range of evidence from the Mesolithic through the Roman and medieval periods up to the post-medieval development of Cramond House Estate. Hoy's investigations have been hugely important to our understanding of the Roman fort's associated annexe/extramural settlement, in particular providing new evidence for its origins in the Antonine period, and for Severan occupation, as well as uncovering a multi-phased road and associated wooden structures. In addition, the artefact assemblage further adds to the corpus from the site and includes an internationally significant sword pendant belonging to a beneficiarius (beneficiarii were troops on special service for the provincial governor) that demonstrates the presence of German troops at the fort, and perhaps hints at the presence of the emperor himself.
--ENGLISH BELOW-- Bu makalede, Perge'de bulunmuş olan İmparator I. Anastasios'un (İ.S. 491-518) ordu ile ilgili fermanını içeren yazıtın revize edilmiş ikinci edisyonu yayımlanmaktadır. Bu yazıtın parçaları Perge'de 1974 yılı kazılarında gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Akropolis tepesinin güneyindeki kuzey çeşmesinin güneyinde yak. 850 parça olarak çıkarılan yazıt Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde korunmaktadır. Yazıt, her ikisi de Latince'den Yunanca'ya çevrilmiş olan Anastasios'a ait bir imparatorluk fermanı ve magister militum'un emirnamesi ile birlikte bir lejyondaki askerlerin unvan/rütbe sınıflarına göre sayıları, aldıkları ayni ve nakdi maaşlarını içeren bir çizelge olmak üzere üç kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Yazıtta değinilen ana konu bir lejyondaki askerler ve bu askerlerin, bulundukları birimleri ve schola'larında gerçekleşen yozlaşmalar ve mevki satışı nedeniyle geleneksel ödemelerden, emeklilik ikramiyelerinden mahrum bırakılışlarıdır. Ayrıca, ölmüş ya da kayıp statüsündeki askerlerin isimlerinin birim kayıtlarından çıkarılmadığı ve bunların kadrolarının rüşvet ya da torpille gelen niteliksiz ve yetersiz kimselerce doldurulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Buna uygun şekilde ferman bu yoz uygulamalara karşı önlemler getirmektedir. Anastasios lejyon içerisinde her bir unvan/rütbe grubundaki asker sayılarının takip edilmesini ve bu sayıların belirtilen miktarda tutularak, birimin gerçek asker sayısının her zaman tam olmasını emretmektedir. C lehvasındaki listeye göre, ilgili lejyondaki askerlerin toplam sayısı 1550-1600'den aşağı değildir. Listede içerilen unvan/rütbe adları şu şekildedir: tribunus numeri, tribunus minor, ordinarii, augustales (1), augustales alii (2), augustales alii (3), flaviales (1), flaviales alii (2), signiferi, optiones, veredarii (1), veredarii alii (2), vexillarii, imaginiferi, librarii, mensores, tubicines, cornicines, bucinatores, praeco, armaturae duplares, beneficiarii, torquati semissales, bracchiati semissales, armaturae semissales, munifices, clerici ve deputati. Ayrıca Levha A ve B'deki metinlerde ...
Među pripadnicima gornjomezijskog garnizona koji su ispunjavali zavete bogovima najčešće su posvedočeni obični vojnici i principales. Analiza hijerarhije unutar jedinica ukazuje da su principales posvetili najveći broj spomenika. Oni su bili imućniji od običnih vojnika, jer su primali jednu i po ili dvostruko veću platu. Kao dedikanti votivnih spomenika posvedočeni su, u znatno manjem broju, oficiri i zapovednici jedinica iz viteškog odnosno senatorskog staleža. Jedan broj natpisa posvetile su čitave jedinice ili njihove veksilacije. ; Soldiers stationed in Moesia Superior observed both the official religion of the roman army and private cults, worshipping Greek, oriental and indigenous deities. Examination of the military hierarchy indicates that the majority of votive monuments was set up by principales. Receiving a pay and a half or a double pay of ordinary soldeirs, they were wealthy enough to fulfill the vows given to various deities and seek their protection and favor. Tesserarii were sesquiplicarii; optiones and aquiliferi, as well as men serving in the officia of provincial governers and officers (beneficiarii consularis stratores consularis, speculatores, frumentarii, cornicularii) were duplarii. All these ranks are attested on votive insciptions from Moesia Superior. A number of altars was dedicated by centurions and senior officers or commanders of the equestrian and senatorial rank. Nassius Dexter held the post of praefectus castrorum or praefectus legionis in the IV Flavia legion during the second half of the second century A.D. (AE 2001, 1727). Four equestrians commanded auxiliary units. C. Atrius Decoratus (IMS III/2 8, 9 19) and M. Aurelius Quadratianus (IMS III/2 4) were tribunes of the cohort II Aurelia Dardanorum, which garrisoned the fort of Timacum Minus. Decoratus has dedicated three monuments - two to Mars Equitum, and one to an unknown deity. Two commanders of equestrian rank set up dedications in the mining district of Kosmaj. Cn. Clodius Classicianus commanded the cohort I Ulpia Pannoniorum (IMS I 97). The unit protected Kosmaj in the wake of the Marcomannic wars of Marcus Aurelius, presumably from 166/167 to 169 A.D. C. Gellius Exoratus praefectus of the cohort V Callaecorum Lucensium, dedicated an altar to Jupiter (IMS I 98). The reasons for his stay on Kosmaj are not easily explained. His unit might have protected the mines at the time of Trajan's Dacian campaigns. Aurelius Maximianus, a former prefect of the legion IV Flavia, also belonged to the officers of equestrian rank (IMS II 9). He is identified with the homonymous praeses of Numidia (290-293 A.D). M. Laelius Maximus, of senatoral rank, has dedicated an altar to Diana in Viminacium (IMS II 5). He commanded the legion VII Claudia ca. 195 A.D. He should be identified with the praetor M. Laelius Firminus Fulvius Maximus (end of the second century A.D). Epigraphic evidence from Moesia Superior testifies to whole units or their detachments dedicating votive monuments. This practice was fairly common throughout the Roman empire. All the altars and inscriptions of this group were set up by units stationed in Moesia Superior the legions IV Flavia and VII Claudia and the cohorts II Aurelia Dardanorum and I Cretum. Finally, one must mention Cilices contirones serving in the legion IV Flavia (IMS I 3). The fact that they dedicated an altar to Jupiter as a group implies that they kept their ethnic identity.
