BIBLE MOTIVES AND IMAGES IN THE CREATIVITY OF T. Shavchenko and B. Lepkiy ; Библейские мотивы и образы в творчестве Т. Шевченко и Б. Лепкого ; Біблійні мотиви й образи у творчості Т. Шевченка та Б. Лепкого
The Bible is one of the most expensive, most amazing monuments in the treasury of universal values. This Book of Books, which has absorbed the wisdom of hundreds of generations, gives us the answer that such is good, and that evil brings man to an unattainable pedestal of wisdom, self-sacrifice, faithfulness in love and love for parents, their children, the Fatherland. It gives us today a vivid example of the fact that human beings can be vices, the nights and the dark sides of human nature. It is enough to remember the legends from the Old Testament about Cain and Abel, Joseph and his brothers, about Samson and Dalil, about Hama, the prodigal son, about the Garden and Gomorrah.It is difficult to name another book that has had the same strong influence on the formation of all subsequent world art of literature, such as the Bible, in particular the Fourth Gospel. The main reason for this lies in the fact that the Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John the Theologian) preached the universal ideals of goodness and justice, the infinite value of the human person, the equality of all peoples before God, the primacy of the spiritual principle over material. In addition, the Evangelists were talented writers.For the Ukrainian literature, the Bible is of the utmost importance: the history of the Old Manuscript manuscript begins with the Ostromir Gospel, and from the Apostle (1574) and the Ostroh Bible (1581) — the Ukrainian book printing. At different stages of development, Ukrainian literature interpreted the Bible as an essential element of national culture and self-consciousness. Hryhoriy Savych Skovoroda, P. Gulak-Artemovsky, Markian Shashkevich, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, Bogdan Lepky addressed the hymns of the Holy Scripture.Taras Shevchenko expanded the thematic range of plots and motives by introducing in his poetry the images of the prophets and a series of evangelical conflicts. However, eternal themes in the work of Kobzar acquire a national patriotic sound. According to Professor Mikhail Drahomanov, none of the literary sources can compare with the Bible for influencing the system of thoughts of Shevchenko. The Bible was a favorite childhood book of the poet, some of its parts, in particular the Psalter, he knew by heart. It was the Bible that became the life-giving source of its holy sacrificial love for its native people, the comprehensive brotherly love, the boundless sorrow for the suffering of Ukraine and the unwavering faith in its liberation from the shackles of tyranny.Biblical motifs in the work of Bohdan Lepky are closely intertwined with the national-patriotic themes that most strongly sounded during the period of World War II. The voice of the citizen poet calling on the Ukrainian people to fight for liberation from the oppression of the imperialist, for the revival of Ukrainian statehood, the unity of Ukraine, sounded in full force during this period.The theme of Christmas and Easter inspired the poet to create the eponymous cycles: «At Christmas Night» (1915), «Under Christmas» (1923), «From Christmas Moods» (1930), «On the Day of Resurrection» (1940), «Easter Bells» (1941). In a series of poems written during the First World War, the painful sums of peaceful years sound when religious holidays spiritually united people, filled their hearts with sincere comfort. The poetry of religious themes on the eve of the Second World War has a certain significance, acquire a patriotic sound, a civic passion — a premonition of the new, even more terrible tragedy that mankind undergoes, it is a powerful call to unite all people of goodwill for peace and happiness on Earth.But Bogdan Lepky was not only a brave and indestructible citizen in poetry. He could also be a gentle, elegant lyricist, elegant writer of the autumn. By the depth of philosophical generalizations, the poetry of B. Lepky can be compared with the «Book of Ecclesiastes» from the «Old Testament.»Speaking about Biblical motives in the work of Bogdan Lepky, one can not but recall his historical novel Mazepa. From the pages of this work, the tragic history of Ukraine of the end of the seventeenth and early thirteenth centuries, the spiritual and political split, fratricidal war, terrible embodiment of the Biblical legend about Cain and Abel, tells us. However, in spite of all the tragedy of the depicted events, the novel also expresses the faith of the writer in the light of the coming of his Fatherland, his deep religious outlook is felt, since the pictures of the suffering of Ukraine, Baturin involuntarily associate with the biblical legend of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, his patience and the wonderful resurrection From the dead. Particular attention in the novel Mazepa needs the image of the Nativity of Christ, because the mystery of Christmas night is presented in it not only unsurpassed beauty landscapes, folk beliefs, magical actions, charms. The writer very original reproduces this poetic image. The Magnonian Christmas Nativity Scene with its allegorical actors is in the forerunner of the fact that the entire Hetman's House, Ukraine, will soon become a bloody vertep. In the form of Christmas, the fate of Ukraine, Lepky, also depicts a grandiose canvas — the battle of Poltava: «In the smoke and cemetery, in the bladder and in the blood, in the cries and weeping in the Poltava fields, the lying part of the villains lay. What does she bring? Freedom and happiness or sorrow and captivity? « Beside this, it should be emphasized that in the novel Mazepa, biblical symbols are very closely and surprisingly organically interwoven with Ukrainian national symbols.In his work, the author uses a huge number of Christian prayers in the Old Slavonic, Old Russian, Ukrainian, which sound in the language of Hetman Mazepa, Orlyk, Chuikevich, Mrochka, Chechel, Kenigsen and other heroes. However, in addition to the original religious texts — prayers for Ukraine, the writer applies in his work both his own, author's, in the spirit of Ukrainian folk songs and dumas. Steppe-mother is an image of the mother of Ukraine that, like a living creature, breathes, rejoices, sad, complains, prays and suffers along with their unrelenting children, who go beyond bounds by their leader, like the ancient Jews by the prophet Moses.One of the most important commandments of the Lord — «Do not kill» — became the name of the third year of the novel «Mazepa». This same thought will pass through all the work of the canvas and is fundamental to it, since the whole work is an angry protest against the fear of war, against the spiritual and physical extermination of one people to others.In the context of world art Biblical images of works of Ukrainian writers reveal a complex and contradictory, they glorify the beautiful and majestic life of man in all its manifestations, not only the simplest but also deep intimate, capable. So we face the phenomena of social life, the condemnation of brute force, deception, treason. At the same time, general human ideals and high national-patriotic principles are glorified. ; Статья посвящена роли Библии в творчестве украинских писателей. Проанализировано философское наполнение поэтических произведений Тараса Шевченко, а также поэзии и романа Богдана Лепкого «Мазепа» в контексте европейской культуры. Акцентированы национально-патриотические и общечеловеческие начала творчества украинских писателей-классиков. ; Стаття присвячена ролі Біблії у творчості українських письменників. Проаналізовано філософське наповнення поетичних творів Тараса Шевченка, а та- кож поезій і роману Богдана Лепкого «Мазепа» в контексті європейської куль- тури. Акцентовано національно-патріотичні й загальнолюдські начала творчості українських письменників-класиків.