Suchergebnisse

Background: Biodiversity is essential for its instrumental, scientific, and political values, and its knowledge is vital to promote its preservation. Objectives: This study identified and analysed the presence of knowledge related to biodiversity in Biology and/or multidisciplinary items in the National High School Examination (ENEM) over ten years between 2009 and 2018. Design: Longitudinal study, based on qualitative methodology. Setting and participants: Education and science experts participated in the analyses. Data collection and analysis: Data were collected on the INEP website. Analyses performed by researchers and an expert panel. Results: We found a clear prevalence of the category "Ecology and Environmental Sciences" in the items, which is in agreement with the literature. However, we also found a disproportionate distribution of questions concerning the categories of the reference matrix of the discipline of Biology. Furthermore, there is significant variability in the theme in different years. We discussed the consequences for curriculum and conservation. Conclusions: There is an imbalance that reveals a dominant trend, acting as a structuring element of the questions, that silences other major areas of Biology and can influence the curriculum and practices of secondary school teachers. The high variability of the occurrence of the biodiversity theme in Biology tests suggests a non-harmonic relationship, which may be associated with the statistical demands of the IRT modelling, between the selection of questions and the reference matrix of the Biology categories, with possible consequences for the curriculum.

This article debates the importance and the current state of environmental policy integration among the areas of climate change and biodiversity in Brazil. It presents and critically evaluates the theoretical assumption that dif­ferences in bureaucratic cultures will necessarily result in policy integration difficulties. Based on the theoretical framework of grid-group cultural theory, it argues that the dominant egalitarian style developed within the context of biodiversity policies diverges, and sometimes hampers, integration with climate change policies, which were found to present a predominantly hierarchical approach. Finally, the role of political leaderships in overcoming the institutional barriers represented by bureaucratic cultures is also presented as an important factor relativizing and qualifying the predictions of cultural theory. ; Este artículo discute la importancia y el estado actual de la integración de las políticas ambientales de las áreas de cambio climático y biodiversidad en Brasil. En este sentido, se presenta y se evalúa críticamente el supuesto teórico según el cual diferencias en culturas burocráticas darán lugar a dificultades de integración política. Con base en el marco teórico de la teoría cultural (grid-group), se plantea que la tendencia igualitaria verificada en la implementación de políticas de biodiversidad diverge de la tendencia cultural predominantemente jerárquica de las políticas del sector de cambio climático, debilitando el potencial de integración de las políticas de estas dos áreas. Por último, el rol de los liderazgos políticos para superar las barreras institucionales representadas por las culturas burocráticas también se presenta como un factor importante, relativizando y calificando las predicciones de la teoría cultural. ; Este trabalho discute a importância e o estado atual da integração de políticas ambientais das áreas de mudança do clima e da biodiversidade no Brasil. Ele apresenta e avalia criticamente o pressuposto teórico de que diferenças em termos de culturas burocráticas resultarão em dificuldades de integração de políticas. Com base no arcabouço teórico da teoria cultural (grid-group), argumenta-se que a tendência igualitária desenvolvida na implementação de políticas de biodiversidade diverge e potencialmente prejudica a integração dessa área com a de mudanças cli­máticas, cuja tendência cultural predominante observada foi hierárquica. Por fim, o papel das lideranças políticas em superar barreiras institucionais representadas por culturas burocráticas é também apresentado como um fator importante, relativizando e qualificando as previsões da teoria cultural.

São discutidos conceitos fundamentais à elaboração de políticas ambientais cientificamente embasadas e, portanto, consistentes e eficazes, como o de biodiversidade (baseado na noção de variedade), conservação, resiliência de ecossistemas, fragilidade e perturbação, efeitos acumulativos e princípio da precaução. São analisados os dois principais instrumentos que vêm sendo considerados nesse âmbito, quais sejam as áreas prioritárias para conservação da biodiversidade e as listas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção; na prática, estas últimas são o único aplicado quando da análise de pedidos de licenciamento de empreendimentos. Finalmente, são detalhados critérios mínimos de suficiência amostral para estudos ambientais embasando tais pedidos: abrangência taxonômica (que deve ser completa nos levantamentos), espacial (incluindo áreas de influência de cada empreendimento) e temporal (pelo menos três ciclos anuais), testadas por meio de curvas de acumulação de espécies. A legislação referente a cavernas é utilizada como exemplo. ; Biological concepts basic for environmental policies are discussed, such as biodiversity (based on the notion of variety), conservation, ecosystem resilience, fragility ad disturbance, accumulative effects and cautionary principle. We analyze two main tools for conservation decisions, i.e., priority areas for conservation of biodiversity and lists of threatened species (which have been, in the practice of licensing, the only criterion taken into account). We also detail minimum criteria in protocols for environmental studies: taxonomic (all groups should be sampled), spatial (including the project area and those affected by it) and temporal (at least three annual cycles) coverage, whose sufficiency should be tested through accumulation curves Legislation concerning caves is used as an example.

Inventários de fauna acessam diretamente a diversidade de uma localidade, em um determinado espaço e tempo. Os dados primários gerados pelos inventários compõem uma das ferramentas mais importantes na tomada de decisões a respeito do manejo de áreas naturais. Entretanto, vários problemas têm sido observados em diversos níveis relacionados aos inventários de fauna no Brasil e vão desde a formação de recursos humanos até a ausência de padronização, de desenho experimental e de seleção de métodos inadequados. São apresentados estudos de caso com mamíferos, répteis, anfíbios e peixes, nos quais são discutidos problemas como variabilidade temporal e métodos para detecção de fauna terrestre, sugerindo que tanto os inventários quanto os programas de monitoramento devam se estender por prazos maiores e que os inventários devem incluir diferentes metodologias para que os seus objetivos sejam plenamente alcançados. ; Inventories of fauna directly access the diversity of a locality in a certain period of time. The primary data generated by these inventories comprise one of the most important steps in decisions making regarding the management of natural areas. However, several problems have been observed at different levels related to inventories of fauna in Brazil, and range from the training of humans to the lack of standardization of experimental design and selection of inappropriate methods. We present case studies of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, where they discussed issues such temporal variability and methods for detection of terrestrial fauna, suggesting that both inventories and monitoring programs should be extended for longer terms and that inventories should include different methodologies to ensure that their goals are fully achieved.

Ilus. Tab. Bib. Sum. (En) ; Secondary forests developing on agricultural land after it is abandoned, or as the fallow period in systems of subsistence agriculture, are an increasingly important component of the forest resources of the tropics. They fix and store carbon and may contribute to the alleviation of global warming, they are refuges for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, and they are low-cost sources of a tremendous variety of forest products. The final years of the 20th century represent an opportune time to bring together researchers concerned with biological, ecological, social/organizational, financial/economic and political aspects of secondary forests and their management, to share their experiences and opinions concerning secondary tropical forests and to contribute to the development of a forward-looking, cross-disciplinary research agenda. The conference had the following objectives: 1) to summarize the state of knowledge of tropical secondary forests from the standpoint of the ecological, social and political sciences. 2) to report the most recent results of research on secondary forests from all relevant disciplines.

The study of fire burned areas is very important, since they corroborate with control measures, prevention and monitoring of fires. Forest fires causes numerous impacts, among them, there is biodiversity lost and human health prejudice. So, it is a problem of environmental sphere as well as a social and political sphere. A way of monitoring this is using remote sensing techniques. So the propose of the present article is to use the Modis product (MCD45A1) to identify and evaluated the burned areas in metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, among the years of 2012 to 2016, which is validated with Landsat-8/OLI sensor data. With the use of Landsat data it is possible to define the size of the burned area with greater precision, but requiring technical operational knowledge and specialized technical staff for both, on the other side, Modis is easier to operate, and have direct application and higher availability. It was observed that the study area has high burned area occurrences, mainly in spring and winter. The results found here could be used for future studies to decrease the forest fires incidence in the region and thus preserve the biodiversity of important biomes present in it. ; Estudos sobre a ocorrência de queimadas são muito importantes, visto que eles corroboram medidas de controle, prevenção e monitoramento destas. Incêndios florestais causam vários impactos, entre eles perda da biodiversidade e prejuízo à saúde humana, sendo um problema tanto na esfera ambiental quanto social e política. Uma forma de monitoramento desses incêndios é a utilização de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Assim, a proposta do presente trabalho foi a utilização de imagens Modis (MCD45A1) para identificação e avaliação de áreas queimadas na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, entre os anos de 2012 e 2016, validando-o com dados do sensor Landsat-8/OLI. Com o emprego dos dados Landsat, é possível delimitar com melhor precisão a dimensão da área queimada, mas exigindo-se conhecimento técnico operacional e corpo técnico especializado para tanto. Já o produto decorrente do Modis, é mais acessível e de fácil utilização, sendo de aplicação direta, pois já informa os focos de incêndio. Observou-se grande ocorrência de queimadas na região de estudo, principalmente na primavera e no inverno. Os resultados encontrados aqui poderão ser utilizados em estudos futuros para diminuir a incidência de queimadas na região e assim preservar a biodiversidade de biomas importantes nela presente.

The American stingless bees species have been used in management and breeding practices by local civilizations since the pre-Columbian era. Currently, many of these species are managed commercially and maintained in meliponaries. However, divergences exist among authors about the ecological utility of these practices. Some argue that meliponaries could serve to maintain local biodiversity while others argue that they have the opposite effect. Due to pressure from beekeepers and environmentalists there are efforts to draft specific rules that legislate production and market focusing on conservating native bees. In recent years, these norms have become more specific due to the use of empirical data from the scientific community and demands from social groups and producers. This paper presents a revision on Brazilian legislation as well its applicabilities and proposes alterations in the Environmental Crimes Law. ; As espécies de abelhas produtoras de mel e própolis nativas do continente americano têm sido usadas em práticas de manejo e reprodução por civilizações locais desde tempos pré-colombianos. Atualmente, muitas dessas espécies são manejadas comercialmente e mantidas em meliponários. No entanto, existem, na literatura, divergências sobre a utilidade ecológica dessas práticas. Alguns autores argumentam que os meliponários são fontes de manutenção da biodiversidade local, enquanto outros argumentam que eles têm o efeito oposto. Devido à pressão dos meliponicultores e ambientalistas, há esforços para elaborar regras específicas que legislem a produção e o mercado, focando na conservação das abelhas nativas. Nos últimos anos, essas normas tornaram-se mais específicas devido ao uso de dados empíricos da comunidade científica, e buscam atender a demanda dos grupos sociais e produtores. Este artigo propõe uma revisão da legislação brasileira, bem como sua aplicabilidade, e propõem alterações na Lei de Crimes Ambientais.

[2.] Sumário executivo. - 2011. - 22 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. + 1 CD-ROM. - ISBN 978-99912-0-975-3

As áreas protegidas são criadas e geridas com o objetivo de garantir a conservação da natureza. No cenário do Estado de Pernambuco, o ecossistema Mata Atlântica recebe reconhecimento internacional como área prioritária para as ações de conservação, pela sua grande riqueza natural e elevada biodiversidade. Estas áreas naturais tem o enorme desafio de compatibilizar interesses divergentes face a fortes ameaças e condições de vulnerabilidade social, política e econômica. Este trabalho objetivou analisar de que forma a gestão de áreas protegidas tem contribuído para a conservação ambiental no Estado de Pernambuco, considerando a governança nos espaços de decisão. Uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva foi realizada, adotando-se os procedimentos metodológicos (leitura de documentos e bibliografias). Para coletar os dados foi utilizada a pesquisa de campo com observação sistemática, entrevista não estruturada focalizada e reuniões projetivas, além da participação em reuniões de conselhos gestores. Para análise e discussão dos resultados, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa com enfoque interdisciplinar através da triangulação de métodos e Análise Multicritério à Decisão – AMD. Como resultado, observa-se que ainda é muito frágil a capacidade de governabilidade e governança pública na conservação dos recursos naturais no estado de Pernambuco. O fortalecimento da governança é indispensável ao processo de elaboração e implementação das políticas construídas em simbiose com os diversos atores envolvidos com a temática, em meio a intensas e variadas ameaças e vulnerabilidades inerentes a esse processo antagônico e dialético de construção da sustentabilidade. A B S T R A C T Protected areas are created and managed with the aim of ensuring the conservation of nature. In the state of Pernambuco, the Atlantic Forest ecosystem receives international recognition as a priority area for conservation actions, due to its great natural wealth and high biodiversity. These natural areas have the enormous challenge of reconciling divergent interests in the face of strong threats and conditions of social, political and economic vulnerability. In view of the above, this work aimed to analyze how the management of protected areas has contributed to environmental conservation in the State of Pernambuco, considering governance in decision spaces. An exploratory and descriptive research was carried out, adopting the methodological procedures (reading of documents and bibliographies). In order to collect the data, we used field research with systematic observation, focused unstructured interview and projective meetings, as well as participation in meetings of management councils. For the analysis and discussion of the results, a qualitative approach with an interdisciplinary focus was used through the triangulation of methods and Decision Multicriteria Analysis - AMD. As a result, it is observed that the capacity for governance and public governance in the conservation of natural resources in the state of Pernambuco is still very fragile. The strengthening of governance is indispensable to the process of elaboration and implementation of policies built in symbiosis with the various actors involved in the theme, amidst the intense and varied threats and vulnerabilities inherent to this antagonistic and dialectical process of sustainability construction. Keywords: Protected areas, environmental conservation, public governance.

Resumen: El cortoplacismo político y políticas públicas diseñadas para el corto plazo, ponen de manifiesto la escasa atención a conceptos tales como prospección, futuro y prevención. Tiempo y riesgo apenas se toman en consideración. Ha sido a partir de los años sesenta cuando en las incipientes sociedades de riesgo occidentales empezaron a aparecer manifestaciones y publicaciones con alusiones y teorizaciones referidas a nuestra responsabilidad en el deterioro de la biodiversidad de la tierra y de la biosfera, en el marco del problema del depósito final de los residuos radiactivos, el peligro de las guerras –con la consiguiente desertización nuclear- y de las manipulaciones genéticas. Todas ellas eran acciones que perjudicaban tanto a los seres humanos vivientes como a las generaciones futuras. El cuándo hay que tutelar los intereses de las generaciones futuras, si debe hacerse en el presente para prevenir la formación de daños futuros, o si no tenemos deberes más que con el presente, es una problemática que también se proyecta sobre las generaciones que, por ser futuras, no tienen representantes en los foros políticos y jurídicos. El presente trabajo analiza las propuestas formuladas por diversos especialistas en orden a mitigar el problema del cortoplacismo político y la inconsistencia temporal, de manera que los intereses de las generaciones futuras formen parte de las políticas públicas. Elaborar políticas para el largo plazo y tomar en consideración que las decisiones de las generaciones actuales afectarán a las generaciones futuras son condiciones imprescindibles para garantizar el progreso de la humanidad en el marco del principio de sostenibilidad.Palabras llave: Riesgo. Incertidumbre. Generaciones futuras. Cortoplacismo político. Presentismo. Abstract: Political short-termism and public policies designed for the short term show little attention to concepts such as prospecting, future and prevention. Time and risk are hardly taken into account. It was from the 1960s onwards that in the nascent Western societies of risk began to appear manifestations and publications with allusions and theorizations regarding our responsibility in the deterioration of the biodiversity of the earth and the biosphere, within the framework of the problem of final disposal of radioactive waste, the danger of wars - with the consequent nuclear desertification - and of genetic manipulations. All of these were actions that were detrimental to both living human beings and future generations. When it is necessary to protect the interests of future generations, if it is to be done in the present to prevent the formation of future damages, or if we have no duties other than the present, is a problem that is also projected on the generations that, for being future, do not have representatives in political and legal forums. The present paper analyzes the proposals formulated by different specialists in order to mitigate the problem of political short-termism and temporary inconsistency, so that the interests of future generations are part of public policies. Developing policies for the long term and taking into account that the decisions of present generations will affect future generations are essential conditions for ensuring the progress of humanity within the framework of principle of sustainability.Keywords: Risk. Uncertainty. Future generations. Political short-termism. Presentism.

This study is based on the assumption that beginning with the passage of the Forest Code in 1965, which was revised by the law of 2012, the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) of Paraíba do Sul River, PSR, is currently recuperated and preserved. In this context, the objective of this study was to: 1) conduct a temporal survey with respect to the rate of change of gains and losses of forest cover during the years 1966, 1977 and 2017; and, 2) do a spatial analysis in relation to this rate of change. This study was conducted along the stretch of the PSR between the municipalities of Jacareí and Queluz. Maps were used from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (1964-1966), the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of the state of São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC), and high resolution images from the Pléiades satellite (2017). For the spatial and temporal analyses of the study area, geoprocessing techniques were used to quantify the area occupied by forest in two: 100 m buffer strips of the PPA, and in buffer strips of 1,000m, starting from each bank of the river. With respect to forest cover, measurements of its total and average size, proportion, gain or loss, and distance between nearby fragments were made. The results indicate that, from the decade of the 1960s to 2017, forest cover grew from 5.3% to 21%, and from 2% to 13% in the strips of 100 and 1,000 meters, respectively. With respect to areas registered from 1960, there was a reduction of 691 hectares, principally of large areas of remaining forest. However, a portion of this forest area was still present in 2017, but most of this forest was in the area 1,000 m from the riverbanks. These results will aid in the planning for establishment of priority areas for conservation of the riparian forest of the PSR. Through analysis of distances between forest fragments, empty spaces devoid of forest cover were identified, and in some cases these spaces were indicated as priority areas for recuperation. The results are discussed in the context of public policies and the periods of economic development that were drivers of landscape changes in the Paraíba do Sul Valley in the São Paulo region. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the riparian forest of the PSR has slowly recuperated but is still far from being in compliance with current Brazilian legislation. This study will be an important aid in compliance activities conducted by public authorities in permanent preservation areas in the São Paulo PSR. An ample and refined survey of consolidated and fallow areas is suggested so that mitigation and compensation activities can be proposed for the PSR riparian forest that will promote the conservation of the quality of its water and biodiversity resources. ; This study is based on the assumption that beginning with the passage of the Forest Code in 1965, which was revised by the law of 2012, the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) of Paraíba do Sul River, PSR, is currently recuperated and preserved. In this context, the objective of this study was to: 1) conduct a temporal survey with respect to the rate of change of gains and losses of forest cover during the years 1966, 1977 and 2017; and, 2) do a spatial analysis in relation to this rate of change. This study was conducted along the stretch of the PSR between the municipalities of Jacareí and Queluz. Maps were used from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (1964-1966), the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of the state of São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC), and high resolution images from the Pléiades satellite (2017). For the spatial and temporal analyses of the study area, geoprocessing techniques were used to quantify the area occupied by forest in two: 100 m buffer strips of the PPA, and in buffer strips of 1,000m, starting from each bank of the river. With respect to forest cover, measurements of its total and average size, proportion, gain or loss, and distance between nearby fragments were made. The results indicate that, from the decade of the 1960s to 2017, forest cover grew from 5.3% to 21%, and from 2% to 13% in the strips of 100 and 1,000 meters, respectively. With respect to areas registered from 1960, there was a reduction of 691 hectares, principally of large areas of remaining forest. However, a portion of this forest area was still present in 2017, but most of this forest was in the area 1,000 m from the riverbanks. These results will aid in the planning for establishment of priority areas for conservation of the riparian forest of the PSR. Through analysis of distances between forest fragments, empty spaces devoid of forest cover were identified, and in some cases these spaces were indicated as priority areas for recuperation. The results are discussed in the context of public policies and the periods of economic development that were drivers of landscape changes in the Paraíba do Sul Valley in the São Paulo region. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the riparian forest of the PSR has slowly recuperated but is still far from being in compliance with current Brazilian legislation. This study will be an important aid in compliance activities conducted by public authorities in permanent preservation areas in the São Paulo PSR. An ample and refined survey of consolidated and fallow areas is suggested so that mitigation and compensation activities can be proposed for the PSR riparian forest that will promote the conservation of the quality of its water and biodiversity resources. ; Este trabalho parte do pressuposto que a partir da promulgação do Código Florestal em 1965, reafirmada na revisão da Lei em 2012, a Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) do Rio Paraíba do Sul, PRS, encontra-se recuperada e preservada. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo (1) realizar um levantamento temporal, compreendendo os anos de 1966, 1977 e 2017 e (2) um levantamento espacial, a partir das taxas de mudanças compreendendo ganhos e perdas na cobertura florestal. O trabalho foi realizado no trecho do RPS paulista entre os municípios de Jacareí a Queluz. Foram utilizadas as cartas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE (1964-1966), do Instituto Geográfico e Cartográfico do Estado de São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC) e imagens de alta resolução do satélite Pléiades (2017). Para análise espacial e temporal da área de estudo, foram utilizadas técnicas de geoprocessamento quanto a área de ocupação da floresta em duas faixas: 100 m (Área de Preservação Permanente - APP) e 1000 m a partir de ambas as margens. Foram obtidas métricas quanto ao tamanho total e médio da cobertura florestal, proporção de ocupação das áreas de florestas, ganho/perda de áreas coberta por floresta e distância entre os fragmentos mais próximos. Os resultados revelaram que da década 60 até 2017 a cobertura florestal passou de 5,3% para 21% e de 2% para 13% nas faixas de 100 e 1000 metros, respectivamente. Quanto as áreas registradas em 1960, grande parte sofreu redução, uma perda de 691 hectares principalmente dos grandes remanescentes florestais. Entretanto, parte desses remanescentes florestais, permaneceram até 2017, porém, grande parte dessas áreas encontram-se na faixa de 1000 m de distância da margem. Esses resultados permitiram avaliar e sugerir áreas prioritárias para a conservação da mata ciliar ao RPS. A partir da análise das distâncias entre os fragmentos florestais, foram identificados espaços vazios, desprovidos de cobertura florestal e em alguns casos foram indicados como áreas prioritárias para recuperação. Os resultados evidenciaram que, lentamente, parte da mata ciliar ao RPS se recuperou, mas ainda está longe de satisfazer a legislação vigente no país. Esse trabalho pode ser útil para auxiliar a fiscalização das áreas de preservação permanente ao RPS paulista. Ao final considera-se necessário um amplo e minucioso levantamento das áreas de pousio e consolidadas para que sejam propostas ações de mitigação e compensação da mata ciliar ao Rio Paraíba do Sul e subsidiar a conservação da qualidade do recurso hídrico e da biodiversidade.