Nel quadro delle importanti rivoluzioni storiografiche del Novecento - da quella delle Annales, al ritorno al narrativo, fino all'esperienza della microstoria e del biographical turn - la più recente ricerca storico-educativa internazionale e nazionale ha rivolto sempre più l'attenzione verso la "scuola come realtà viva" alla ricerca della black box of schooling. In particolare, la conoscenza della cultura empirica prodotta in classe e della cultura materiale della scuola hanno ricevuto significativi contributi dagli studi sulla professione docente, le cui molteplici dimensioni sono state indagate anche attraverso la prospettiva biografica. All'interno di questa cornice teorica si è inteso ricostruire la biografia magistrale di Cesare Malservisi, maestro di scuola elementare, bibliotecario, cantautore dialettale e figura di intellettuale vissuto nella Bologna dell'Italia del secondo dopoguerra. A partire dalla letteratura coeva di riferimento si è concentrata l'attenzione sulle fonti primarie dell'archivio personale conservato dalla famiglia relativamente alla sua carriera e vita privata, all'attività professionale e alla cultura materiale della scuola. Sul piano metodologico le fonti sono state inventariate, catalogate ed analizzate nell'intreccio con le testimonianze orali costituite da interviste a persone che l'hanno conosciuto, al fine di ricostruire una biografia 'al plurale'. Il quadro che emerge restituisce la complessità di una figura docente tra formazione iniziale e in servizio, giocata non solo sui banchi di scuola, ma come professionista impegnato nella società, ed inoltre contribuisce allo studio della realtà pedagogica e scolastica dell'Italia del secondo dopoguerra e della 'stagione pedagogica' del capoluogo emiliano, caratterizzata da un particolare fermento politico, sociale ed educativo che rimane, a parte il mito, ancora poco indagata. ; Among the most influential revolutions of the 20th century historiography - from the Annales to the return to narrative history, through the key concepts of microhistory and biographical turn – while seeking for the "black box of schooling", the recent international and national historical-educational researches have turned their attention to the theory of "school as a living reality". Notably, the observational study of the classroom empirical culture as well as of the school material culture has received significant contributions from the focus on the teaching profession, whose multiple dimensions have also been investigated from a biographic point of view. Within this theorethical framework, this work attempts to portray the life of Cesare Malservisi as primary school teacher, librarian, dialect songwriter and intellectual during the Postwar years in Bologna. Starting from the analysis of the reference coeval literature, the primary focus of this research is to investigate the family personal archive whose sources shift from Cesare Malservisi's career, private life, professional activity to the school material culture. For instance, while aiming to build a "plural biography", sources have been classified, analyzed, intertwined and integrated with interviews conducted with witnesses who have personally met Cesare Malservisi. The picture that emerges from this study confirms the complexity of Malservisi's teacher role whose professional development coexist with his engagement to society, and parallely explores the local pedagogic and teaching scene, with special attention to the intense socio-political and educational ferment of the Postwar years in Bologna, a subject that has not yet been thoroughly investigated.
La ricerca persegue l'obiettivo di formulare e rispondere ad alcune domande relative al ruolo e alle competenze professionali dell'operatore che lavora con richiedenti e titolari di protezione internazionale. L'interrogativo di fondo nasce sul campo grazie all'esperienza della ricercatrice come operatrice di accoglienza con l'Associazione Centro Astalli presso la Provincia Autonoma di Trento, che costituisce il caso empirico approfondito. L'osservazione partecipante ha fatto emergere la rilevanza che le scelte, ruoli e valori degli operatori assumono nell'influenzare il significato dell'accoglienza praticata e talora persino i percorsi d'integrazione dei soggetti beneficiari. Oltre all'osservazione, la ricerca si è avvalsa di interviste in profondità a 55 operatori - accompagnate da schede di rilevazione socio-anagrafica e auto-rappresentazioni fotografiche - e di due focus groups "di controllo" circa la percezione esterna al ruolo con 8 titolari di protezione internazionale. L'analisi ha cercato di far emergere i fattori che influenzano competenze ed aspettative reciproche di ruolo da parte dei vari tipi di operatore: a livello macro (gestione emergenziale, securitaria e frammentata del sistema), meso (eterogeneità delle associazioni nell'accoglienza), micro (disomogeneità delle prassi degli operatori e delle mission associative). La ricerca evidenzia la necessità di riflettere criticamente sulle comunità di pratiche e sulle (nuove) professionalità che si costruiscono e si intrecciano in un campo tanto importante quanto contraddittorio come quello dell'accoglienza. L'ipotesi di lavoro è che, grazie alle pratiche realizzate nel sistema trentino, chi vi opera abbia elaborato "grammatiche d'azione" che permettono margini di discrezionalità professionale (street level bureaucracy) che mano a mano sono condivise attraverso "contaminazioni" fra diverse associazioni facendo emergere istanze di rivendicazione professionale. Le "grammatiche d'azione" messe in atto si mostrano come micro-strategie quotidiane che (re)interpretano e (re)strutturano il mandato professionale, cercando di non rimanere schiacciati dai meccanismi strutturali e dalla rigidità istituzionale, ma sfruttando il proprio potere negoziale, discrezionale e inventivo. ; How does the Italian system for asylum seekers and refugees work? How do the intrinsic characteristics of the system affect the (new) professional figures involved? Are there any hidden grammars of action arising? This research subsumes and tries to move beyond the questions raised above. The purpose of the research is to reflect on the role social workers have as street-level bureaucrats, considering their discretional margin of actions and their consequences. The thesis, before proceeding to a more detailed analysis of the role of social workers as street-level bureaucrats, highlights the historical and political turning points of the Italian reception systems and clarifies in what sense the immigration issue has become a local matter. The case study is the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. This study adopts a qualitative research design, comprising of a diary field notes, 55 interviews with social workers, and two focus-groups with holders of an international protection. While working in a Temporary Reception Center, with the Association Centro Astalli, the researcher has observed how the different actions, ideals and roles of social workers significantly influence and shape the experiences of asylum seekers. Through a (re)politicization of their 'margins of action', the research recognizes the effects of the structural violence of the system through processes of depersonalization, ambiguous and containment practices but also highlights the possibility of effective forms of pro-active resilience through street-level margins of action of social workers. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research is that while local authorities have the greater discretion in reception system choices, a new form of street-level bureaucracy is developing through street-level practices of social workers. The research pursues to de-construct the complexity of the reception system, addressing both its grain lines and its deepest hubs, focusing on biographical experiences.
Reviews research conducted by professor Luigi Guarnieri Calo Carducci, particularly two essays he wrote on Italian immigration in Bolivia & Ecuador. The research analyzed data from the early 20th century to the end of the 1950s, which showed that Italian communities have helped shaping Bolivian & Ecuadorian rural economy & military structure, contributing also to the improvement of foreign policy. The Italian government supported most communities in an attempt to establish political connections, but many of those communities found a safe haven when Italy was persecuting them, especially Jewish communities during 1938. Above all, the contribution offered by Italian missionaries is of notable importance as it deeply affected both societies. The analysis reveals very interesting biographical & historical facts that are extremely useful when studying Italian realities outside of Italy from a modern perspective. Adapted from the source document.
The history of emotions is a burgeoning field—so much so, that some are invoking an "emotional turn." As a way of charting this development, I have interviewed three of the leading practitioners of the history of emotions: William Reddy, Barbara Rosenwein, and Peter Stearns. The interviews retrace each historian's intellectual-biographical path to the history of emotions, recapitulate key concepts, and critically discuss the limitations of the available analytical tools. In doing so, they touch on Reddy's concepts of "emotive," "emotional regime," and "emotional navigation," as well as on Rosenwein's "emotional community" and on Stearns's "emotionology" and offer glimpses of each historian's ongoing research. The interviews address the challenges presented to historians by research in the neurosciences and the like, highlighting the distinctive contributions offered by a historical approach. In closing, the interviewees appear to reach a consensus, envisioning the history of emotions not as a specialized field but as a means of integrating the category of emotion into social, cultural, and political history, emulating the rise of gender as an analytical category since its early beginnings as "women's history" in the 1970s.
The gender gap in politics has been explained as being due to individual, social, economical and cultural determinants. This research, based on eleven biographical interviews to women and men involved in politics, is aimed at investigating participants' explanations of women's underrepresentation in politics, with particular attention to the mechanisms of construction and preservation of gender inequalities. Participants' discourses were categorized into four thematic areas: women's lack of interest towards politics; the unequal distribution of family work; the difficulties of integration into a masculine and sexist context; the cultural processes of gender roles construction. Results highlighted the need to disclose discourses that construct politics as a male institutional context, as well as the need to identify the key factors that may contribute to plan cultural interventions that promote gender equality in politics. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
The research presented in this thesis focuses on the Italian iuris doctor Ippolito Marsili (Bologna 1450 - Bologna 1530). One of the founders of criminal law scholarship and teacher of the first known criminal law course, Ippolito Marsili is aknowledged as a prominent scholar of his age; nonetheless, his biographical and scientific profile still awaits an organic recontruction. The aim of the research is to examine a few aspects of the life and work of this jurist, in order to provide a starting point for a possible comprehensive study. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part is centered on Marsili's biography. In chapter 1 a short account of the Marsili family is presented; in particular, I highlighted the links of the family with the powerful Milanese Signoria of the Sforza. Chapter 2 is focused on the main stages of the jurist's life. After discussing a few problems concerning his doctoral degree (his alleged canon law degree is missing), I analyzed his professional career as a teacher - in Bologna - and as a judge - mainly in the Sforza dominion. The research shows a very strong, almost frantic connection between these two activities, which sometimes even seem to overlap; such a feature mirrors the bond between theory and practice of law that Marsili will later pour into his works. In his relationship with political power, our character reveals the struggle of the typically medieval, autonomous jurist to exercise his role in the growing, bureaucratic State entities. Finally, the research shows how - contrary to a generally accepted tradition - Marsili cannot be considered the inventor of the "sleep deprivation" torture technique, which he arguably gathered from the praxis of the Lugano (Switzerland). The biographical part is completed in chapter 3 with an account of Marsili's literary production: lecturae/commentaria and repetitiones on the Corpus iuris, a few tractatus, a collection of singularia and his consilia. The second part of the thesis examines Marsili's main work, a criminal law treatise named Practica criminalis Averolda nuncupata (approx. 1525). Chapter 4 summarizes the development of criminal law science and the literary genre of Tractatus or Practicae criminales. Marsili's work can be thought of as a transition point between the 'medieval forerunners' and the 'mature' modern Practicae: such a position awards it peculiar and noteworthy features. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the Averolda's formal properties, examined through a comparison with a few other medieval and modern works of the kind. Practicae criminales have a main practical nature: they rationalize the criminal law emerging from medieval courts and statutes outside the scope of the Corpus iuris. Compared to other works, however, Marsili's Practica has a strong theoretical and educational purpose, combined with the practical scopes. Despite being written in the first half of the sixteenth century, the sources employed in this work (as in all the medieval ones) are the roman-canon law and the opinio doctorum. The Courts' decisiones are rapidly overcoming the scholars' law, and will have a central role in the modern Practicae, giving a territorial facet to ius commune; nonetheless, the Averolda completely ignores them, standing by a universalis, scholar-led system. Marsili's use of scholastic dialectics and particularly of the quaestio - resounding medieval procedures - reveals the purpose of extracting general rules and principles from case law, rather than giving precise solutions to each issue; the author intends to guide the reader through the reasoning behind the ermeneutic process. On the contrary, the main modern Practicae tend to reduce the role of the opiniones doctorum - often generically summarized as communis opinio - and to provide definite, clear solutions to practical issues, following the Courts' stylus. Finally, the Practicae criminales are generally deemed to lack a significant contribution to the building of a dogmatic/systematic order specific to penal law. However, the research shows how both the medieval, dialectic patterns and the modern, rationalistic structures of these works do present a 'dogmatic development': through a diachronic analysis of the defensive activity in courtrooms, I highlighted how Marsili and his colleagues, with different methods, shape a set of rules and principles that gradually separate from the system of the Corpus iuris to form a new, modern system of criminal law. In chapter 6 I turned to the contents of the Averolda, examining the first stages of the per inquisitionem procedure. Specific attention is paid to the rules of imprisonment (carceratio), which show a variety of precautionary measures worthy of further, detailed analysis. Overall, the features of Marsili's Averolda mirror the professional outline of the author: both sides of the research clearly reveal a medieval scholar who faces the challenges of the incipient modern world with his own scientific and professional tools: destined to be progressively discarded, yet such tools prove to have been fruitful for the new age, and to provide us with a better understanding of legal history.
[English]: The volume is an original contribution to the debate on interventions in favour of gender equality in universities and in research. The book presents the results of the research-action carried out together with the experimentation of the pilot mentoring program, within the European project GENOVATE@UNINA. By establishing a dialogue with the latest European researches - developed in the cultural context and in the framework for structural change interventions, promoted through the Seventh Framework Program and Horizon 2020 – this work assumes, as an interpretative framework, the processes of global change that involve the settings of the scientific-academic system. The discussion develops along a linear pathway, moving from the debate on gender equality policies, it leads to the design of the mentoring pilot scheme (the first one to be exclusively women addressed, in the Italian universities) and, therefore, the research that has accompanied the project on its path is also described. The interpretation of results, supported by biographical-narrative interviews on career paths and focus groups with mentors and mentees, reveals through which practices and processes are produced and reproduced gender inequalities in academia and research. Using the tools of the survey, these results have been analysed in order to reconstruct the mentoring functioning as a gender practice capable of de-construct processes that produce inequality and produce transformational effects of the scientific-academic context.[Italiano] Il volume è un contributo originale al dibattito sugli interventi a favore della parità di genere nell'Università e nella ricerca. Presenta i risultati della ricerca-azione condotta, insieme alla sperimentazione del programma pilota di mentoring, nell'ambito del progetto europeo GENOVATE@UNINA. Ponendosi in interlocuzione con le ricerche europee più recenti - sviluppate entro la cornice culturale e il quadro di riferimento degli interventi per il cambiamento strutturale, promossi attraverso il Settimo Programma Quadro e Horizon assume, come quadro di riferimento interpretativo, i processi di cambiamento globale che investono la regolazione del sistema scientifico-accademico. La trattazione si sviluppa seguendo un percorso lineare, che dal dibattito sulle politiche per la parità di genere conduce al disegno dello schema pilota di mentoring (il primo esclusivamente al femminile, nell'università italiana) e, quindi, alla ricerca che ha accompagnato il progetto nel suo percorso. L'interpretazione dei risultati, sorretta da interviste biografico-narrative sui percorsi di carriera e da focus group con mentori e mentee, rivela attraverso quali pratiche e quali processi si producono e riproducono le diseguaglianze di genere nell'accademia e nella ricerca. Con gli strumenti dell'indagine valutativa, questi risultati sono quindi messi a fuoco per ricostruire il funzionamento del mentoring come pratica di genere capace di decostruire i processi che producono diseguaglianza e produrre effetti trasformativi del contesto scientifico-accademico.
The article deals with Jenny Griziotti Kretschmann, born in Wishni-Wolostchok (Russia) on 22 June 1884 in a middleclass family of German origin & died on 4 December 1980 in Pavia (Italy). In October 1905 she moved from Moscow to Lausanne in order to enroll at the Faculty of Social Sciences where she attended Vilfredo Pareto's courses in Economics. Here she met Benvenuto Griziotti, also in Lausanne for a postgraduate specializing course; in Pavia he would become one of the major Italian scholars in Finance. In 1908 she followed him to Rome where she enrolled at the Faculty of Law, & attended courses held by Antonio De Viti De Marco, Rodolfo Benini & Maffeo Pantaloni, who was carrying out innovative analysis on system dynamics factors. Under Pantaleoni's supervision, she got her full degree in December 1912. From 1930 until her retirement in 1954 she taught as a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Pavia (1930-1933), was assigned the course of Financial Law & Finance at the University of Parma (1935-1940) & of History of Economic Doctrines at the University of Pavia (1940-1954); since 1948 she was also assigned the course of Finance & Economic Policy. She never had the possibility to hold any academic chair; those who knew her acknowledged that her political creed & her status as an academic's wife did not favor her career at all. Some prevailing paths of interest can be discerned in her numerous articles, essays & monographs on issues in Economy & Economic Theory. Initially (1915-1929) she carried out pioneer systematic analysis of the peculiar features of Russian economy. Another area of interest of hers was the analysis of long-term price movements. A third research area she addressed included issues in economic & financial policies, & a fourth area of interest was the history of economic thought, in which regard her handbook is of primary importance; it is based on an interdisciplinary approach, as systems can be fully understood only if analyzed in the context of the social & ideological milieus in which they constitute & evolve in time. Part of her fecund activity is reflected in textbooks on economic policy & finance (1950-1954) & her commitment, also to the diffusion of economic thought, is testified by her transla-tions into Italian of works by Wagemann (1932), Wicks ell, von Mises & Hayek (1935) & the fifth Italian edition of Economics by P. Samuelson (1964). Partly inventoried biographical material & the collection of her writings are available in the Griziotti Family Archive in Pavia (Italy). The most significant recognition of her status has only recently been awarded by those few -- not Italian -- authors who came in contact with her scientific work. References. Adapted from the source document.
L'obiettivo della ricerca è, da un lato, quello di definire un quadro conoscitivo di sfondo rispetto al fenomeno della tratta e dello sfruttamento sessuale di donne che approdano nel contesto italiano, dall'altro quello di esaminare gli interventi politici e legislativi posti in essere per contrastare il fenomeno e per tutelarne le vittime. Dopo uno sguardo alle caratteristiche strutturali della tratta, alla normativa italiana, europea e internazionale connessa al suo contrasto e alla protezione delle vittime e ai modelli di intervento sociale nel settore posti in essere nel nostro Paese, l'analisi si è concretizzata prendendo in considerazione i risultati emersi dall'attività di ricerca. L'analisi delle storie di vita delle vittime, di nazionalità nigeriana, albanese e serba ha permesso, da un lato, di evidenziare la complessità dei loro percorsi di vita e dall'altro di tracciare un quadro delle modalità organizzative e di sfruttamento utilizzate dal racket nigeriano e da quello albanese. Sul versante legislativo, invece, le interviste ai ricercatori svedesi sono state volte a comprendere se la normativa che punisce l'acquisto di prestazioni sessuali potesse avere un potere deterrente e, quindi, se potesse rappresentare una risposta efficace per arginare il fenomeno della prostituzione schiavizzata. In ultimo, dal punto di vista processuale, l'analisi delle sentenze giudiziarie penali emesse dal Tribunale di Rimini è stata utile per individuare le principali dinamiche che caratterizzano il rapporto tra l'autore e la vittima di reato e, non di meno, per sottolineare l'importanza del ruolo della vittima nel processo penale. ; In my thesis, I engage in two main research strands. On the one hand, I outline a reference frame in which I map the features of women trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in Italy. On the other hand, I investigate the political and legislative interventions that have been undertaken in order to contrast this phenomenon and to protect its victims. At first, my analysis encompasses various aspects such as the structural features of trafficking, the Italian, European and international legislations adopted to contrast trafficking and to protect its victims, and an analysis of the models of intervention adopted in Italy. Thereafter, I focus on the evaluation of the results that I have obtained thanks to my research activity. Through the biographical approach to several victims of trafficking from Nigeria, Albania and Serbia, I highlight common features characterising the lives of the victims and depict the organisational structure that lies behind the Nigerian and Albanian racket. From the legislative point of view, I report about the interviews that I have conducted with Swedish scholars, which aimed at verifying if a legislation that disciplines the purchasing of sexual services can have an actual deterrent effect and thus can represent an incisive measure to restrain sexual slavery. Finally, I offer a representation of the main dynamics characterising the relationship that occurs between the author and the victim of the crime through the study of the sentences of the Court of Rimini about prostitution. This also gives me the possibility to portray the role of the victim within the trial.
Nell'ambito di un'indagine sull'identità del rivoluzionario nel XIX secolo, calata tra gli attivisti coinvolti nella Comune di Parigi, si è trattato di selezionare quelle autobiografie scritte e pubblicate da comunardi come parte integrante della loro attività politica, e così porre il problema del rapporto tra pratica autobiografica e rivoluzione, ovvero chiarire le condizioni del passage au récit, la scelta autobiografica e insieme la mise en intrigue tra esperienze individuali e rivoluzione. Questa ricerca si presenta dunque come un lavoro sulle pratiche autobiografiche all'interno delle pratiche di attivismo politico, ovvero più specificamente sulla relazione tra autobiografia e rivoluzione. In altri termini si analizza il modo in cui i rivoluzionari narravano la loro identità in pubblico, perché lo avessero fatto e cosa veicolavo in termini di stili di vita e convinzioni particolari. In quanto rivoluzionari, l'autobiografia diviene fonte e parte di ciò che essi reputavano in quel momento la propria traiettoria rivoluzionaria, la narrazione di quella che in quel momento ritenevano comunicare al pubblico come propria identità narrativa. La ricerca si articola in tre momenti. Nel primo capitolo analizzo le biografie, o meglio un piccolo gruppo tra la massa di biografie di comunardi edite all'indomani della Comune da parte della pubblicistica tanto ostile quanto partigiana della Comune. Queste narrazioni biografiche diffuse nei mesi successivi alla repressione della rivoluzione comunalista consentono di affrontare una delle condizioni fondamentali del passage au récit autobiografico che si manifesterà solo posteriormente. Il secondo e il terzo capitolo sono dedicati a due progetti autobiografici di diversa natura: la trilogia autobiografica di Jules Vallès (1879, 1881, 1886) e le Mémoires di Louise Michel (1886). ; As part of an investigation of revolutionary identity in the XIX century, declined on the activists involved in the Paris Commune, it was to select those life-stories written and published by the Communards as part of their political activity, and thus to pose the problem of the relationship between autobiographical practice and revolution, clarify the conditions of passage au récit, the autobiographical choice and the mise en intrigue of the individual experiences and revolution. This research thus provides an inquiry of the autobiographical practices within the practices of political activism, or more specifically on the relationship between autobiographical narratives and revolution. I analyse the way in which the revolutionaries told their identity in public, the reasons why they had done and what they spreaded in terms of lifestyles and beliefs. As revolutionaries, the autobiography becomes a source and a part of what they considered their revolutionary path, the narrative of what at that time they believed to communicate to the public as their own narrative identity. The research is divided into three parts. In the first chapter I analyse the biographies, or rather a small group among the mass of published biographies of Communards after the Commune. These biographical narratives help address one of the fundamental conditions for the passage au récit which will be appeared only later. The second and third chapters are dedicated to two autobiographical practices of different nature: the autobiographical trilogy of Jules Vallès (1879, 1881, 1886) and Memoirs of Louise Michel (1886).
Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società. politica, istituzioni (XIX-XX sec.) ; Nel secondo Ottocento, a Roma, nuova capitale del Regno, ferve un'intensa attività nel settore terziario, soprattutto in quello edilizio, e molti disoccupati, provenienti soprattutto dagli ex domini pontifici, vi si stabiliscono nella speranza di un'occupazione. Tuttavia, a causa di congiunture negative e di una classe dirigente che ha puntato solo sulla speculazione edilizia, dagli anni Ottanta si apre una grave crisi economica. I ceti subalterni, sia autoctoni sia immigrati, trovano una risposta al disagio anche attraverso l'illegalità. Lo studio della popolazione carceraria del periodo 1880-1899, partendo da una sua schedatura biografica, è importante per capire il clima sociale, politico ed economico di quegli anni, da una prospettiva peculiare quale quella della capitale del Regno. La ricerca ha come base una documentazione inedita: i registri matricolari del carcere di Regina Coeli, che offrono un esaustivo profilo sociale e individuale delle persone che vi entrano nei due decenni considerati. Un ruolo fondamentale nelle lotte sociali di questi anni è rivestito dal movimento anarchico, che a Roma riscuote più adesioni rispetto ai socialisti, avviati alla strategia legalitaria. Gli anarchici romani hanno anche forti radici nell'ambiente malavitoso locale e contano sull'appoggio dei criminali comuni, spesso coinvolti profondamente nelle lotte di fine XIX secolo. La loro presenza all'interno dell'ampia e variegata categoria della criminalità, offre un ulteriore spunto di riflessione su una vicenda storica, in uno specifico contesto locale, ancora poco conosciuta. ; In the second half of the 19th Century, in Rome, the recent capital of the Kingdom of Italy, an intensive activity in the tertiary sector, mainly in the building industry, was in full swing. A lot of unemployed, chiefly coming from the ex Papal State, settled there, hoping to find jobs. But since the Eighties a strong economic crisis had started, owing to negative circumstances and building speculation by the ruling class. Subordinate classes, both indigenous and immigrant, found a response to discomfort through illegality. The study of the prison population from 1880 to 1899, starting from biographical catalogues, is important in order to understand the social, political and economic climate of those years, from a peculiar perspective, such as that of the Kingdom of Italy's capital. The research is based on the unpublished documentation: matricula records of Regina Coeli prison, which offer a comprehensive social and individual profile of people living in the two decades considered. The anarchist movement, which in Rome enjoyed a bigger support than socialist, who were set out for a legalitarian strategy, played a fundamental role in the social struggles of those years. The Roman anarchists also had strong roots in the local underworld as well as the support of common criminals, who were often involved in harsh social struggles at the time. Their presence within the wide and varied category of crime offers further insight into still not well known historical events in this specific local context.
Questo studio propone un'esplorazione dei nessi tra processi migratori ed esperienze di salute e malattia a partire da un'indagine sulle migrazioni provenienti dall'America latina in Emilia-Romagna. Contemporaneamente indaga i termini del dibattito sulla diffusione della Malattia di Chagas, "infezione tropicale dimenticata" endemica in America centro-meridionale che, grazie all'incremento dei flussi migratori transnazionali, viene oggi riconfigurata come 'emergente' in alcuni contesti di immigrazione. Attraverso i paradigmi teorico-metodologici disciplinari dell'antropologia medica, della salute globale e degli studi sulle migrazioni, si è inteso indagare la natura della relazione tra "dimenticanza" ed "emergenza" nelle politiche che caratterizzano il contesto migratorio europeo e italiano nello specifico. Si sono analizzate questioni vincolate alla legittimità degli attori coinvolti nella ridefinizione del fenomeno in ambito pubblico; alle visioni che informano le strategie sanitarie di presa in carico dell'infezione; alle possibili ricadute di tali visioni nelle pratiche di cura. Parte della ricerca si è realizzata all'interno del reparto ospedaliero ove è stato implementato il primo servizio di diagnosi e trattamento per l'infezione in Emilia-Romagna. È stata pertanto realizzata una etnografia fuori/dentro al servizio, coinvolgendo i principali soggetti del campo di indagine -immigrati latinoamericani e operatori sanitari-, con lo scopo di cogliere visioni, logiche e pratiche a partire da un'analisi della legislazione che regola l'accesso al servizio sanitario pubblico in Italia. Attraverso la raccolta di narrazioni biografiche, lo studio ha contribuito a far luce su peculiari percorsi migratori e di vita nel contesto locale; ha permesso di riflettere sulla validità di categorie come quella di "latinoamericano" utilizzata dalla comunità scientifica in stretta correlazione con il Chagas; ha riconfigurato il senso di un approccio attento alle connotazioni culturali all'interno di un più ampio ripensamento delle forme di inclusione e di partecipazione finalizzate a dare asilo ai bisogni sanitari maggiormente percepiti e alle esperienze soggettive di malattia. ; This study explores the connections between migration processes and experiences of health and illness, investigating migration flows from Latin America to Emilia-Romagna. At the same time, the study examines the debate around the spread of Chagas disease, a 'neglected tropical infection' endemic in Central and South America that, given the increase in transnational migration flows, is currently being reconfigured as 'emerging' in the countries of destination. Adopting the theoretical and methodological paradigms of medical anthropology, public health and migration studies, the nature of the relationship between 'neglected' and 'emerging' is analyzed within the policies that shape European migration flows, with specific reference to the Italian case. The issues addressed relate to the legitimacy of the social actors involved in publicly framing the phenomenon, to the visions that inform the health policies for Chagas disease, and to the impact of these visions on the health care practices. Part of the research has been conducted within the hospital ward where the first service for Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment in Emilia-Romagna was established. An ethnography within and outside the service has been developed, involving the main actors in the research field - Latin American migrants and health professionals - with the aim of collecting visions, logics and practices starting from investigating the legislation that regulates access to the public health system in Italy. Through the collection of biographical narratives, the study sheds light onto particular migratory pathways and life trajectories in the local context; reflects upon the validity of categories such as 'Latin American', used in the scientific community in tight connection with Chagas disease; redefines the meaning of a culturally sensitive approach, within a broader re-thinking of the forms of inclusion and participation aimed at addressing health care needs and subjective ill health experiences.
STUDIO SULLE MIGRAZIONI DI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI AL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH NEGLI STATI UNITI D'AMERICA Nell'ultimo decennio abbiamo assistito ad un progressivo spostamento dell'incidenza del fenomeno dell'emigrazione verso fasce della popolazione a maggiore istruzione: dal 2001 al 2010 l'incidenza dei cittadini laureati sul totale degli espatri è raddoppiata (dall'8,3% al 15,9%). Le principali mete di destinazione dei laureati in questo decennio sono paesi anglosassoni in Europa e Stati Uniti d'America (dati ISTAT). La qualità della ricerca e dell'insegnamento delle università sono variabili fondamentali nella scelta di migrazione della parte più giovane e abile degli italiani. Quindi investire nella qualità dell'offerta universitaria potrebbe contribuire a mantenere i giovani studenti qualificati e laureati in loco. Pertanto migliore è la qualità della ricerca e dell'insegnamento universitario nella regione d'origine, meno probabile sarà per lo studente/ricercatore la scelta di migrare. Come sopra citato, dati ISTAT e recenti indagini dimostrano che la maggior parte degli studenti Italiani e non solo, migrano verso paesi anglosassoni per svolgere la loro carriera post laurea, dato che in questi paesi acquisiscono una soddisfazione generale del lavoro basata su creatività, indipendenza e sicurezza del lavoro stesso. Inoltre, hanno l'opportunità di sviluppare una propria professionalità in un paese anglosassone e sono più intenzionati a rimanere all'estero invece di ritornare nel loro paese di origine. Infatti recenti studi mostrano che i migranti che hanno lavorato nel Regno Unito per un lungo periodo, sono intenzionati a rimanere all'estero. I migranti qualificati quindi tendono a porre maggiore attenzione sull'importanza del loro impiego, sui rapporti nati nel posto di lavoro, alla sicurezza del lavoro e alla possibilità di avanzamento di carriera rispetto alle reti familiari e sociali che sono indubbiamente rilevanti ma che non spiegano appieno i movimenti migratori. Prendendo in considerazione questi dati, l'obiettivo della tesi è andare a investigare più approfonditamente le caratteristiche e le motivazioni del dottorato/post-dottorato che decide di emigrare per motivi professionali in un paese come gli Stati Uniti. Ci concentreremo su coloro che hanno un contratto in uno dei migliori centri di ricerca scientifica al mondo, il National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. Attraverso il metodo proposto dalla Dot.ssa Rita Bichi ne "L'intervista biografica" intervisteremo giovani ricercatori italiani mettendo in luce la loro esperienza di ricerca presso l'NIH, approfondendo le motivazioni che li porterebbero a rientrare in Italia o a rimanere negli USA, col fine di delineare un quadro più attuale circa il fenomeno del "Brain Drain". Le interviste condotte supportano l'ipotesi di lavoro che vede scienziati migrare verso paesi che investono maggiormente nel campo della ricerca, spesso la decisione di emigrare avviene sulla base dell'ambizione personale. Infatti l'emigrazione degli scienziati avviene soprattutto per avere più opportunità di far avanzare la carriera post laurea che per una condizione economica, dato che dai paesi "skilled migration friendly" la maggioranza ottiene una soddisfazione generale del lavoro basata su creatività, indipendenza e soddisfazione del lavoro stesso. In conclusione i ricercatori italiani all'estero hanno l'opportunità di sviluppare una propria professionalità che permetterà loro di creare relazioni e contatti necessari per il proseguimento di una brillante carriera spesso in un paese "skilled migration friendly". MIGRATION STUDY OF ITALIAN SCIENTISTS TO NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In the last decade we have seen a gradual shift in the incidence of emigration to population groups with higher education: from 2001 to 2010 the incidence of graduates on the total number of departures has doubled (from 8, 3% to 15.9%). The main destination of graduates in this decade is Anglo-Saxon countries in Europe and the United States of America (ISTAT). The quality of research and teaching universities are variables key in choosing the migration of the youngest and most skilled Italians. Thus to invest in the quality of the university would help to keep young qualified students and graduates on site. Therefore, the better the quality of research and teaching university in the region of origin, the less likely it will be for the student/researcher the choice to migrate. As mentioned above, ISTAT data and recent surveys show that the majority of students (not only Italian) migrate to Anglo-Saxon countries to pursue their post-graduate career. They have also the opportunity to develop their own skills in an English-speaking country and are more willing to stay abroad rather than return to their country of origin, showing that migrants, who have worked in the UK for a long time, intend to stay abroad. The skilled migrants tend to pay more attention to the importance of their employment, the relationships born in the workplace, the job security and the opportunity for career advancement with respect to family and social networks that are undoubtedly important but that do not explain fully migratory movements. Taking into account these data, the aim of the study is to investigate in more detail the characteristics and motivations of doctoral/post-doctoral fellow who decides to emigrate for professional reasons in a country like the United States. We focused on those who have a contract in one of the best scientific research centers in the world, the National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. Through the method proposed by Prof. Rita Bichi in "The biographical interview", we interviewed young Italian scientists highlighting their experience of research at the NIH, delving into the motivations that led them to return to Italy or remain in the United States, with the aim to capture a better picture about the current phenomenon of "Brain Drain". The interviews support the working hypothesis that sees scientists migrate to countries that invest more in research; often the decision to migrate is made on the basis of personal ambition. In fact, the emigration of scientists is usually due to obtain more opportunities to advance the post-graduate career, in fact, scientist in the skilled migration friendly countries get a general satisfaction of work based on creativity, independence and satisfaction of the work itself. In conclusion, the Italian scientists abroad have the opportunity to develop their own professional skills that will enable them to build relationships and contacts necessary for the continuation of a brilliant career in a country "skilled migration friendly."
I Max Bill is an intense giornata of a big fresco. An analysis of the main social, artistic and cultural events throughout the twentieth century is needed in order to trace his career through his masterpieces and architectures. Some of the faces of this hypothetical mural painting are, among others, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Kandinskij, Klee, Mondrian, Vatongerloo, Ignazio Silone, while the backcloth is given by artistic avant-gardes, Bauhaus, International Exhibitions, CIAM, war events, reconstruction, Milan Triennali, Venice Biennali, the School of Ulm. Architect, even though more known as painter, sculptor, designer and graphic artist, Max Bill attends the Bauhaus as a student in the years 1927-1929, and from this experience derives the main features of a rational, objective, constructive and non figurative art. His research is devoted to give his art a scientific methodology: each work proceeds from the analysis of a problem to the logical and always verifiable solution of the same problem. By means of composition elements (such as rhythm, seriality, theme and its variation, harmony and dissonance), he faces, with consistent results, themes apparently very distant from each other as the project for the H.f.G. or the design for a font. Mathematics are a constant reference frame as field of certainties, order, objectivity: 'for Bill mathematics are never confined to a simple function: they represent a climate of spiritual certainties, and also the theme of non attempted in its purest state, objectivity of the sign and of the geometrical place, and at the same time restlessness of the infinity: Limited and Unlimited '. In almost sixty years of activity, experiencing all artistic fields, Max Bill works, projects, designs, holds conferences and exhibitions in Europe, Asia and Americas, confronting himself with the most influencing personalities of the twentieth century. In such a vast scenery, the need to limit the investigation field combined with the necessity to address and analyse the unpublished and original aspect of Bill's relations with Italy. The original contribution of the present research regards this particular 'geographic delimitation'; in particular, beyond the deep cultural exchanges between Bill and a series of Milanese architects, most of all with Rogers, two main projects have been addressed: the realtà nuova at Milan Triennale in 1947, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Florence in 1980. It is important to note that these projects have not been previously investigated, and the former never appears in the sources either. These works, together with the most well-known ones, such as the projects for the VI and IX Triennale, and the Swiss pavilion for the Biennale, add important details to the reference frame of the relations which took place between Zurich and Milan. Most of the occasions for exchanges took part in between the Thirties and the Fifties, years during which Bill underwent a significant period of artistic growth. He meets the Swiss progressive architects and the Paris artists from the Abstraction-Création movement, enters the CIAM, collaborates with Le Corbusier to the third volume of his Complete Works, and in Milan he works and gets confronted with the events related to post-war reconstruction. In these years Bill defines his own working methodology, attaining an artistic maturity in his work. The present research investigates the mentioned time period, despite some necessary exceptions. II The official Max Bill bibliography is naturally wide, including spreading works along with ones more devoted to analytical investigation, mainly written in German and often translated into French and English (Max Bill himself published his works in three languages). Few works have been published in Italian and, excluding the catalogue of the Parma exhibition from 1977, they cannot be considered comprehensive. Many publications are exhibition catalogues, some of which include essays written by Max Bill himself, some others bring Bill's comments in a educational-pedagogical approach, to accompany the observer towards a full understanding of the composition processes of his art works. Bill also left a great amount of theoretical speculations to encourage a critical reading of his works in the form of books edited or written by him, and essays published in 'Werk', magazine of the Swiss Werkbund, and other international reviews, among which Domus and Casabella. These three reviews have been important tools of analysis, since they include tracks of some of Max Bill's architectural works. The architectural aspect is less investigated than the plastic and pictorial ones in all the main reference manuals on the subject: Benevolo, Tafuri and Dal Co, Frampton, Allenspach consider Max Bill as an artist proceeding in his work from Bauhaus in the Ulm experience . A first filing of his works was published in 2004 in the monographic issue of the Spanish magazine 2G, together with critical essays by Karin Gimmi, Stanislaus von Moos, Arthur Rüegg and Hans Frei, and in 'Konkrete Architektur?', again by Hans Frei. Moreover, the monographic essay on the Atelier Haus building by Arthur Rüegg from 1997, and the DPA 17 issue of the Catalonia Polytechnic with contributions of Carlos Martì, Bruno Reichlin and Ton Salvadò, the latter publication concentrating on a few Bill's themes and architectures. An urge to studying and going in depth in Max Bill's works was marked in 2008 by the centenary of his birth and by a recent rediscovery of Bill as initiator of the 'minimalist' tradition in Swiss architecture. Bill's heirs are both very active in promoting exhibitions, researching and publishing. Jakob Bill, Max Bill's son and painter himself, recently published a work on Bill's experience in Bauhaus, and earlier on he had published an in-depth study on 'Endless Ribbons' sculptures. Angela Thomas Schmid, Bill's wife and art historian, published in end 2008 the first volume of a biography on Max Bill and, together with the film maker Eric Schmid, produced a documentary film which was also presented at the last Locarno Film Festival. Both biography and documentary concentrate on Max Bill's political involvement, from antifascism and 1968 protest movements to Bill experiences as Zurich Municipality councilman and member of the Swiss Confederation Parliament. In the present research, the bibliography includes also direct sources, such as interviews and original materials in the form of letters correspondence and graphic works together with related essays, kept in the max+binia+jakob bill stiftung archive in Zurich. III The results of the present research are organized into four main chapters, each of them subdivided into four parts. The first chapter concentrates on the research field, reasons, tools and methodologies employed, whereas the second one consists of a short biographical note organized by topics, introducing the subject of the research. The third chapter, which includes unpublished events, traces the historical and cultural frame with particular reference to the relations between Max Bill and the Italian scene, especially Milan and the architects Rogers and Baldessari around the Fifties, searching the themes and the keys for interpretation of Bill's architectures and investigating the critical debate on the reviews and the plastic survey through sculpture. The fourth and last chapter examines four main architectures chosen on a geographical basis, all devoted to exhibition spaces, investigating Max Bill's composition process related to the pictorial field. Paintings has surely been easier and faster to investigate and verify than the building field. A doctoral thesis discussed in Lausanne in 1977 investigating Max Bill's plastic and pictorial works, provided a series of devices which were corrected and adapted for the definition of the interpretation grid for the composition structures of Bill's main architectures. Four different tools are employed in the investigation of each work: a context analysis related to chapter three results; a specific theoretical essay by Max Bill briefly explaining his main theses, even though not directly linked to the very same work of art considered; the interpretation grid for the composition themes derived from a related pictorial work; the architecture drawing and digital three-dimensional model. The double analysis of the architectural and pictorial fields is functional to underlining the relation among the different elements of the composition process; the two fields, however, cannot be compared and they stay, in Max Bill's works as in the present research, interdependent though self-sufficient. IV An important aspect of Max Bill production is self-referentiality: talking of Max Bill, also through Max Bill, as a need for coherence instead of a method limitation. Ernesto Nathan Rogers describes Bill as the last humanist, and his horizon is the known world but, as the 'Concrete Art' of which he is one of the main representatives, his production justifies itself: Max Bill not only found a method, but he autonomously re-wrote the 'rules of the game', derived timeless theoretical principles and verified them through a rich and interdisciplinary artistic production. The most recurrent words in the present research work are synthesis, unity, space and logic. These terms are part of Max Bill's vocabulary and can be referred to his works. Similarly, graphic settings or analytical schemes in this research text referring to or commenting Bill's architectural projects were drawn up keeping in mind the concise precision of his architectural design. As for Mies van der Rohe, it has been written that Max Bill took art to 'zero degree' reaching in this way a high complexity. His works are a synthesis of art: they conceptually encompass all previous and –considered their developments- most of contemporary pictures. Contents and message are generally explicitly declared in the title or in Bill's essays on his artistic works and architectural projects: the beneficiary is invited to go through and re-build the process of synthesis generating the shape. In the course of the interview with the Milan artist Getulio Alviani, he tells how he would not write more than a page for an essay on Josef Albers: everything was already evident 'on the surface' and any additional sentence would be redundant. Two years after that interview, these pages attempt to decompose and single out the elements and processes connected with some of Max Bill's works which, for their own origin, already contain all possible explanations and interpretations. The formal reduction in favour of contents maximization is, perhaps, Max Bill's main lesson.