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Karpiai – a famous noble family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – are distinguished by their political and educative activities. The family's influence is most markedly observed in the 18th–19th centuries, when the most famous and active members of the Karpiai family had lived. This family has not received plenty of scholarly attention, though from time to time new studies do spring up. Almost all of them are oriented to analyzing the activities of separate members of the Karpiai family, while the family's origin and genealogy researches are scarce. Recently, prosopography has been found to be a very promising method for analyzing noble families. It analyzes the person, their environment, social position, career, power amassment, political influence, and other factors, researching bonds between individuals and constantly evaluating them in an interplay aspect. Besides, in prospect, a prosopographic analysis creates an ideal base for a person's historical biographical research. This article returns to the beginning of the Karpiai family, studies the theories regarding its legendary origin and the appearance of their progenitor's in the Grand Duchy, and explains how the recent researches of the Karpiai family's origin lay the foundation for productive prosopographic researches. Since in prosopography one of the most important methods is the genealogical one, this article discusses the topic of genealogical tree researches of the Karpiai family.

Karpiai – a famous noble family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – are distinguished by their political and educative activities. The family's influence is most markedly observed in the 18th–19th centuries, when the most famous and active members of the Karpiai family had lived. This family has not received plenty of scholarly attention, though from time to time new studies do spring up. Almost all of them are oriented to analyzing the activities of separate members of the Karpiai family, while the family's origin and genealogy researches are scarce. Recently, prosopography has been found to be a very promising method for analyzing noble families. It analyzes the person, their environment, social position, career, power amassment, political influence, and other factors, researching bonds between individuals and constantly evaluating them in an interplay aspect. Besides, in prospect, a prosopographic analysis creates an ideal base for a person's historical biographical research. This article returns to the beginning of the Karpiai family, studies the theories regarding its legendary origin and the appearance of their progenitor's in the Grand Duchy, and explains how the recent researches of the Karpiai family's origin lay the foundation for productive prosopographic researches. Since in prosopography one of the most important methods is the genealogical one, this article discusses the topic of genealogical tree researches of the Karpiai family.

Karpiai – a famous noble family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – are distinguished by their political and educative activities. The family's influence is most markedly observed in the 18th–19th centuries, when the most famous and active members of the Karpiai family had lived. This family has not received plenty of scholarly attention, though from time to time new studies do spring up. Almost all of them are oriented to analyzing the activities of separate members of the Karpiai family, while the family's origin and genealogy researches are scarce. Recently, prosopography has been found to be a very promising method for analyzing noble families. It analyzes the person, their environment, social position, career, power amassment, political influence, and other factors, researching bonds between individuals and constantly evaluating them in an interplay aspect. Besides, in prospect, a prosopographic analysis creates an ideal base for a person's historical biographical research. This article returns to the beginning of the Karpiai family, studies the theories regarding its legendary origin and the appearance of their progenitor's in the Grand Duchy, and explains how the recent researches of the Karpiai family's origin lay the foundation for productive prosopographic researches. Since in prosopography one of the most important methods is the genealogical one, this article discusses the topic of genealogical tree researches of the Karpiai family.

Karpiai – a famous noble family of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – are distinguished by their political and educative activities. The family's influence is most markedly observed in the 18th–19th centuries, when the most famous and active members of the Karpiai family had lived. This family has not received plenty of scholarly attention, though from time to time new studies do spring up. Almost all of them are oriented to analyzing the activities of separate members of the Karpiai family, while the family's origin and genealogy researches are scarce. Recently, prosopography has been found to be a very promising method for analyzing noble families. It analyzes the person, their environment, social position, career, power amassment, political influence, and other factors, researching bonds between individuals and constantly evaluating them in an interplay aspect. Besides, in prospect, a prosopographic analysis creates an ideal base for a person's historical biographical research. This article returns to the beginning of the Karpiai family, studies the theories regarding its legendary origin and the appearance of their progenitor's in the Grand Duchy, and explains how the recent researches of the Karpiai family's origin lay the foundation for productive prosopographic researches. Since in prosopography one of the most important methods is the genealogical one, this article discusses the topic of genealogical tree researches of the Karpiai family.

This dictionary did not represent all the most distinguished people of any nationality, religion or political beliefs; the selection of famous people included mostly Catholics. The Clergy in reputational elite of the Republic of Lithuania in 1918–1940 constituted the largest professional-group – about 163 people out of 1073 (15.1 per cent). Most of clerics studied in St. Petersburg and Kaunas Roman Catholic seminaries, Lithuanian (Vytautas Magnus) and Fribourg (Switzerland) universities. More than half of the clergy inreputational elite consistedof senior generation. One-third ofthe clergy ofthe total research period obtained PhD academic degrees. These conclusions derived fromthe datawhichwas composed of approximate biographical database based ontested fragmentary encyclopedic sources.

This dictionary did not represent all the most distinguished people of any nationality, religion or political beliefs; the selection of famous people included mostly Catholics. The Clergy in reputational elite of the Republic of Lithuania in 1918–1940 constituted the largest professional-group – about 163 people out of 1073 (15.1 per cent). Most of clerics studied in St. Petersburg and Kaunas Roman Catholic seminaries, Lithuanian (Vytautas Magnus) and Fribourg (Switzerland) universities. More than half of the clergy inreputational elite consistedof senior generation. One-third ofthe clergy ofthe total research period obtained PhD academic degrees. These conclusions derived fromthe datawhichwas composed of approximate biographical database based ontested fragmentary encyclopedic sources.

The aim of the paper is to analyse various books about Lithuanian partisan commanders (J. Žemaitis, J.Vitkus-Kazimieraitis, V.Voveris-Žaibas, A.Ramanauskas-Vanagas, J.Lukša, etc.) as 'the grand narrative'. How is this narrative constructed? What is the relation between a person and the resistance movement? What knowledge do these texts reveal? The author makes an attempt to find answer to these questions. The research hypothesis: The 'grand narrative' about partisan commanders in resistance literature, cultural memory and narrative knowledge. The theoretical problem of the research is how to explore representation of the resistance movement as a discourse of (non)narrative knowledge and define 'visual knowledge'. The methodology of the study is based on Jean-François Lyotard's conception of 'the grand narrative', Barbara Harlow's notion of 'resistance literature' and Aleida Assmann's conception of memory. "Žuvusiųjų prezidentas" (2007) (President of Martyrs) by Nijolė Gaškaitė-Žemaitienė, "Pulkininkas Kazimieraitis: Pietų Lietuvos partizanų srities vado Juozo Vitkaus gyvenimas, veikla, šeimos likimas" (2001) (Colonel Kazimieraitis: Life, Activity, Family Story of Juozas Vitkus, Partisan Commander in Southern Lithuania) by Vytautas Vitkus, "Žalio velnio takais" (1995) (Following the Path of the Green Devil) by Stanislovas Abromavičius offer 'the grand narrative' and narrative knowledge. The former is constructed through biographical and military discourses, historical documents, reminiscences of fellowmen and comrades-in-arms. The mentioned texts are a historical evidence.

The aim of the paper is to analyse various books about Lithuanian partisan commanders (J. Žemaitis, J.Vitkus-Kazimieraitis, V.Voveris-Žaibas, A.Ramanauskas-Vanagas, J.Lukša, etc.) as 'the grand narrative'. How is this narrative constructed? What is the relation between a person and the resistance movement? What knowledge do these texts reveal? The author makes an attempt to find answer to these questions. The research hypothesis: The 'grand narrative' about partisan commanders in resistance literature, cultural memory and narrative knowledge. The theoretical problem of the research is how to explore representation of the resistance movement as a discourse of (non)narrative knowledge and define 'visual knowledge'. The methodology of the study is based on Jean-François Lyotard's conception of 'the grand narrative', Barbara Harlow's notion of 'resistance literature' and Aleida Assmann's conception of memory. "Žuvusiųjų prezidentas" (2007) (President of Martyrs) by Nijolė Gaškaitė-Žemaitienė, "Pulkininkas Kazimieraitis: Pietų Lietuvos partizanų srities vado Juozo Vitkaus gyvenimas, veikla, šeimos likimas" (2001) (Colonel Kazimieraitis: Life, Activity, Family Story of Juozas Vitkus, Partisan Commander in Southern Lithuania) by Vytautas Vitkus, "Žalio velnio takais" (1995) (Following the Path of the Green Devil) by Stanislovas Abromavičius offer 'the grand narrative' and narrative knowledge. The former is constructed through biographical and military discourses, historical documents, reminiscences of fellowmen and comrades-in-arms. The mentioned texts are a historical evidence.

As the First World War drew to an end, a number of political actors in the east Baltic Sea region declared the independence of new states. This independence had to be defended by their governments in armed conflicts. The army loyal to the Lithuanian government was engaged in active hostilities until the end of 1920. So far, the historiography on these military actions has concentrated on the tactical-operational actions of the armies, and biographical studies of their military leaders. The participation of women in the Lithuanian war of independence and violence by combatants against civilians, including women, have been studied in a rather fragmentary way. This article fills this research gap, by analysing the collective initiatives of women that emerged in Lithuanian society between 1918 and 1920 to provide public relief to the Lithuanian armed forces that were engaged in military operations. By perceiving these initiatives as a response to a military threat, the article seeks to identify the internal and external factors that underpinned the determination of women to provide material assistance to the Lithuanian army. By taking a sociological theoretical approach of stimulus-induced social interaction, it provides an analysis of the reasons for the formation and the development of 13 women's associations, and the nature and the extent of their activities.

As the First World War drew to an end, a number of political actors in the east Baltic Sea region declared the independence of new states. This independence had to be defended by their governments in armed conflicts. The army loyal to the Lithuanian government was engaged in active hostilities until the end of 1920. So far, the historiography on these military actions has concentrated on the tactical-operational actions of the armies, and biographical studies of their military leaders. The participation of women in the Lithuanian war of independence and violence by combatants against civilians, including women, have been studied in a rather fragmentary way. This article fills this research gap, by analysing the collective initiatives of women that emerged in Lithuanian society between 1918 and 1920 to provide public relief to the Lithuanian armed forces that were engaged in military operations. By perceiving these initiatives as a response to a military threat, the article seeks to identify the internal and external factors that underpinned the determination of women to provide material assistance to the Lithuanian army. By taking a sociological theoretical approach of stimulus-induced social interaction, it provides an analysis of the reasons for the formation and the development of 13 women's associations, and the nature and the extent of their activities.

Collective disasters such as the Holocaust, war, repressions and ethnic violence are man-made political and social disasters. Not only they shock the wider (or future) public strongly, but result in serious trauma to the survived. A psychological trauma is an intense emotional experience with which human beings' "I" (self) strive. The psychological effects of trauma is the phenomenon of in ability to adapt caused by psychological trauma. The identity is a dynamic system which defines a personality throughout interpersonal relations and emotional experiences. Traumatic memories disrupt conventional processes between of an individual and the community relationships based on trust, care and giving people a sense of control, purpose and interconnectivity since the sense of identity is formed by the relationship with others. Traumas destroy or diminish the victim's earlier formed structure of self-perception and distort an individual's sense of reality, warping meanings of real events. In our research we tried to analyze how trauma affected a person's self-perception in the Holocaust. A biographical narrative interview was used to collect the data. One informant participated in the pilot research. The thematic analysis procedures were employed in order to achieve the goal. Themes were generated to delineate the descriptions of traumatic experiences and understandings of how they affect the informant's life. Thematic analysis of the interview with the Holocaust survivor paved the way for better understanding of how traumatic memories are involved in the identity experience revealing the prevailing patterns such as self-perception as a weak physiological being, the relationship with the family, relationship with God, gratefulness for being alive.

Collective disasters such as the Holocaust, war, repressions and ethnic violence are man-made political and social disasters. Not only they shock the wider (or future) public strongly, but result in serious trauma to the survived. A psychological trauma is an intense emotional experience with which human beings' "I" (self) strive. The psychological effects of trauma is the phenomenon of in ability to adapt caused by psychological trauma. The identity is a dynamic system which defines a personality throughout interpersonal relations and emotional experiences. Traumatic memories disrupt conventional processes between of an individual and the community relationships based on trust, care and giving people a sense of control, purpose and interconnectivity since the sense of identity is formed by the relationship with others. Traumas destroy or diminish the victim's earlier formed structure of self-perception and distort an individual's sense of reality, warping meanings of real events. In our research we tried to analyze how trauma affected a person's self-perception in the Holocaust. A biographical narrative interview was used to collect the data. One informant participated in the pilot research. The thematic analysis procedures were employed in order to achieve the goal. Themes were generated to delineate the descriptions of traumatic experiences and understandings of how they affect the informant's life. Thematic analysis of the interview with the Holocaust survivor paved the way for better understanding of how traumatic memories are involved in the identity experience revealing the prevailing patterns such as self-perception as a weak physiological being, the relationship with the family, relationship with God, gratefulness for being alive.