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Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772) ist eine der hervorragendsten Persönlichkeiten Preussens im 18. Jahrhundert. In der litauischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte ist er als aktiver Anreger des litauischen Schrifttums, vor allem religiösen, bekannt. Die ersten Vertreter der Familie Quandt findet man in Preussen schon zur Zeit der Reformation. Johann Jacob Quandt studierte an der Königsberger Universität zu der Zeit, als Kurfürstentum Preussen zu einem Königreich wurde. Das war das wichtigste politische Erreigniss in diesem Lande seit der Einführung der Reformation. Demzufolge erlebte die alte Albertina ihre Wiedergeburt. Nach Königsberg drangten sich die Ideen der Aufklärung, die akademische Jugend wurde mit den Problemen der puren deutschen Spache konfrontiert, die Pfarrer der litauischen Gemeinden begannen die erste philologische Polemik wegen der Normierung der litauischen Schriftsprache. Der König von Preussen Friedrich der I. förderte die Herausgabe der litauischen religiösen Bücher, die zur Glaubensfestigung der Bevölkerung dienten. 1701–1706 erschienen fünf litauische Bücher. Unter den Theologiestudenten, den Altersgenossen von J. J. Quandt, fanden sich die der litauischen Sprache kundigen künftige Übersetzer der litauischen religiösen und weltlichen Bücher. Die schöpferische Kräfte waren dabei, der Bedarf an religiösem Schrifftum, insbesondere an der litauischen Bibel, wuchs, die Situation zur Herausgabe der Bücher angesichts der Preussischen Regierung war äußerst. [der volle Text, siehe weiter]

Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772) ist eine der hervorragendsten Persönlichkeiten Preussens im 18. Jahrhundert. In der litauischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte ist er als aktiver Anreger des litauischen Schrifttums, vor allem religiösen, bekannt. Die ersten Vertreter der Familie Quandt findet man in Preussen schon zur Zeit der Reformation. Johann Jacob Quandt studierte an der Königsberger Universität zu der Zeit, als Kurfürstentum Preussen zu einem Königreich wurde. Das war das wichtigste politische Erreigniss in diesem Lande seit der Einführung der Reformation. Demzufolge erlebte die alte Albertina ihre Wiedergeburt. Nach Königsberg drangten sich die Ideen der Aufklärung, die akademische Jugend wurde mit den Problemen der puren deutschen Spache konfrontiert, die Pfarrer der litauischen Gemeinden begannen die erste philologische Polemik wegen der Normierung der litauischen Schriftsprache. Der König von Preussen Friedrich der I. förderte die Herausgabe der litauischen religiösen Bücher, die zur Glaubensfestigung der Bevölkerung dienten. 1701–1706 erschienen fünf litauische Bücher. Unter den Theologiestudenten, den Altersgenossen von J. J. Quandt, fanden sich die der litauischen Sprache kundigen künftige Übersetzer der litauischen religiösen und weltlichen Bücher. Die schöpferische Kräfte waren dabei, der Bedarf an religiösem Schrifftum, insbesondere an der litauischen Bibel, wuchs, die Situation zur Herausgabe der Bücher angesichts der Preussischen Regierung war äußerst. [der volle Text, siehe weiter]

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

The work consists of two main parts: description of Scandinavian literatures and bibliographic data. It analyses translations of fiction from Scandinavian languages (Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) into Lithuanian language. Each country's literature is described separately. The work briefly discusses histories of literatures, literatures for adults and children and presents main translators. Greater attention is paid to more famous authors. Moreover, the work provides bibliographic data on fiction translated from Scandinavian languages. Most of the books published in Lithuanian language are included in the lists. It was noted that the close relation among Scandinavian literatures has no impact on their translations into Lithuanian. Translators who translate from several Scandinavian languages become the connective link. Translations from Scandinavian languages into Lithuanian are closely related to political, economic, ideological factors; however the translator plays a crucial role alongside these factors. Only due to the translators the Lithuanian book space is augmented with especially valuable texts. In its essence, this work is encyclopaedic; therefore it provides various information that could expand reader's knowledge in Scandinavian authors and their works, though it does not repeat universally known or available information on the authors' biographies and published works.

The work consists of two main parts: description of Scandinavian literatures and bibliographic data. It analyses translations of fiction from Scandinavian languages (Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) into Lithuanian language. Each country's literature is described separately. The work briefly discusses histories of literatures, literatures for adults and children and presents main translators. Greater attention is paid to more famous authors. Moreover, the work provides bibliographic data on fiction translated from Scandinavian languages. Most of the books published in Lithuanian language are included in the lists. It was noted that the close relation among Scandinavian literatures has no impact on their translations into Lithuanian. Translators who translate from several Scandinavian languages become the connective link. Translations from Scandinavian languages into Lithuanian are closely related to political, economic, ideological factors; however the translator plays a crucial role alongside these factors. Only due to the translators the Lithuanian book space is augmented with especially valuable texts. In its essence, this work is encyclopaedic; therefore it provides various information that could expand reader's knowledge in Scandinavian authors and their works, though it does not repeat universally known or available information on the authors' biographies and published works.

The "Trečias frontas" journal (1930-1931) and its group have a wide historiographical layer. Nevertheless, there is a possibility to recreate wider context of the group's activities and analyse this in the connection with activities of some artists and theatre actors. Therefore, this phenomenon could be named as the "experiment of revolutionary culture" and dated between 1927 and 1935. About twenty persons became the object of this research. Reconstruction of group members' biographies in comparative mode reveals close personal ties and communication networks which affected political-social visions and were the core of complex public activities. Majority of the group members' tried to become communist fellow-travellers. The corpus of Lithuanian Communist party leadership has had diverse attitudes towards these attempts and that initiated internal conflicts. Nevertheless, prevailed negative position and attempts failed. Minority of these revolutionary culture sympathizers became nonmarxist socialism supporters and their activities were especially difficult because of emigration and imprisonments. Existing historiography emphasizes these group members' connections with communists. The perspective of this research is more about the difficult path of going left. Untapped archival material and its abundance enabled to enrich the existing historical narrative with new facts, characters, wider contexts, different perspectives and fresh analysis of their activities.

The dissertation consists of three parts, which reveal the development of Lithuanian railways, architecture and urban peculiarities. The first part of dissertation The Development of Lithuanian railways focuses on the history of construction, reveals influencing factors, political, social and economic aspects. There are discussed the peripetias of the different tracks constructions, added with the memories of people, the topical issues of those times. In this part, much attention is paid to the personages who designed, constructed lines and the architectural view of the country's railways. In the second part of the work Railway stations infrastructure, architectural development, peculiarities is analyzed the infrastructure of Czarist, interwar and the Soviet periods: passenger stations, railroad service houses, water supply system, depots, warehouses, small architecture. In each group is analyzed architectural peculiarities, stylistic features, changes, emphasizes the importance of typical architecture in the construction of railway buildings. The attention is drawn to reveal the different architects features of creativity, added by their biographies, illustrated by those times topicalities and memories. The third part The Urbanistic features of the railway stations and the relation to urban structure is focused to urban research of railway system. It comprehensively examines the internal structure of the railway station complex, functional areas, rules of buildings layout and analyzes the differences and commonalities of individual periods. It is researched the relationship between the railway station and the urbanized area - a city, is being studied the interconnections between these two urban units and their influence on each other's development. It also highlights railway infrastructure objects as dominant landmarks in the city and beyond.

The dissertation consists of three parts, which reveal the development of Lithuanian railways, architecture and urban peculiarities. The first part of dissertation The Development of Lithuanian railways focuses on the history of construction, reveals influencing factors, political, social and economic aspects. There are discussed the peripetias of the different tracks constructions, added with the memories of people, the topical issues of those times. In this part, much attention is paid to the personages who designed, constructed lines and the architectural view of the country's railways. In the second part of the work Railway stations infrastructure, architectural development, peculiarities is analyzed the infrastructure of Czarist, interwar and the Soviet periods: passenger stations, railroad service houses, water supply system, depots, warehouses, small architecture. In each group is analyzed architectural peculiarities, stylistic features, changes, emphasizes the importance of typical architecture in the construction of railway buildings. The attention is drawn to reveal the different architects features of creativity, added by their biographies, illustrated by those times topicalities and memories. The third part The Urbanistic features of the railway stations and the relation to urban structure is focused to urban research of railway system. It comprehensively examines the internal structure of the railway station complex, functional areas, rules of buildings layout and analyzes the differences and commonalities of individual periods. It is researched the relationship between the railway station and the urbanized area - a city, is being studied the interconnections between these two urban units and their influence on each other's development. It also highlights railway infrastructure objects as dominant landmarks in the city and beyond.

The dissertation consists of three parts, which reveal the development of Lithuanian railways, architecture and urban peculiarities. The first part of dissertation The Development of Lithuanian railways focuses on the history of construction, reveals influencing factors, political, social and economic aspects. There are discussed the peripetias of the different tracks constructions, added with the memories of people, the topical issues of those times. In this part, much attention is paid to the personages who designed, constructed lines and the architectural view of the country's railways. In the second part of the work Railway stations infrastructure, architectural development, peculiarities is analyzed the infrastructure of Czarist, interwar and the Soviet periods: passenger stations, railroad service houses, water supply system, depots, warehouses, small architecture. In each group is analyzed architectural peculiarities, stylistic features, changes, emphasizes the importance of typical architecture in the construction of railway buildings. The attention is drawn to reveal the different architects features of creativity, added by their biographies, illustrated by those times topicalities and memories. The third part The Urbanistic features of the railway stations and the relation to urban structure is focused to urban research of railway system. It comprehensively examines the internal structure of the railway station complex, functional areas, rules of buildings layout and analyzes the differences and commonalities of individual periods. It is researched the relationship between the railway station and the urbanized area - a city, is being studied the interconnections between these two urban units and their influence on each other's development. It also highlights railway infrastructure objects as dominant landmarks in the city and beyond.