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Partly reprinted from various sources ; Certainty and justice -- The challenge to the Constitution -- What is the matter with the law? -- Jury trial as an instance of constitutional development -- Criminal procedure and the Constitution -- The Constitution and our new peoples; citizens, subjects, nationals or aliens -- The law and our industrial development. "The rule of reason" -- Perversion of precedent. Stare decisis. History misinterpreted -- Aliens and the progress of the law -- Progress of international law in treatment of political crime -- The crisis of the law; professional incompetency ; Mode of access: Internet.

Partly reprinted from various sources. ; Certainty and justice.--The challenge to the Constitution.--What is the matter with the law?--Jury trial as an instance of constitutional development.--Criminal procedure and the Constitution.--The Constitution and our new peoples; citizens, subjects, nationals or aliens.--The law and our industrial development. "The rule of reason."--Perversion of precedent. Stare decisis. History misinterpreted.--Aliens and the progress of the law.--Progress of international law in treatment of political crime.--The crisis of the law; professional incompetency. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The law of citizenship did not escape the general chaos into which the existing laws of Russia fell upon the accession of the Bolsheviks to power on November 7, 1917. Consequently it has not been easy to determine thestatus of citizens of the former Russian régime under the new government, especially of those residing abroad, voluntarily or by compulsion. It has only been gradually that any degree of certainty has come into the law, the first decree purporting to cover the question of citizenship in a comprehensive fashion not having been enacted until October 29, 1924. Even today one who essays to state with certainty what the Soviet law of citizenship is with respect to any given case needs to tread warily. After a comprehensive study of that law and its application, one is impressed with the fact that not all its provisions can be taken literally in all cases.

Modern writers have usually dated die composition of Mun's work about the period 1630-1635. My article (pages 121-33 above) establishes diat much of die argument was the outcome of die trade crisis of 1620-1624, and die quotations and references there given prove that some of die most important sections of die work were first written, diough probably not as part of a book, during diat period. In addition, there are four pieces of internal evidence which help to date die complete work with some certainty.

THE designation ''legal procurator'' as known to us appears to have crept gradually into use towards the closing years of the eighteenth or in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. It may, in fact, be stated with some certainty that no reference to procurators as "legal" is to be found in the Code de Rohan or Diritto Municipale di Malta which was promulgated in 1784, and, as closely as it seems possible to ascertain, the earliest evidence of legislative recognition of this professional title is to be found in Proclamation No. XII of October 15, 1827. ; N/A

In seeking a rational solution to policy problems, we select and approach the relevant facts in the light of underlying assumptions. Both knowledge of the object and rational certainty about the course to be taken can be attained only by proceeding from assumptions concerning values as well as causal relations. Our thinking is scientific (or, if one prefers another term, rationally disciplined rather than merely emotional) insofar as these indispensable assumptions are made deliberately, methodically, and critically. In applying thought to the problem of international organization, we have not done as well in this respect as we ought. It may be worthwhile, therefore, to call attention to the task of critically examining the assumptions on which the study of problems of international organization actually proceeds.

Through a 3x2x2 factorial design, 3 independent (protocol, order, communication) variables were studied. 120 Ss in 12 groups responded to six themes, half of Ss gave reasons for their attitudes (protocol variable); half received themes in reverse order (order variable); all received a +, 0, and -,communication re items, whose effect was measured through 5 ways such that 2 of them constituted measurement of 'unconscious' distortions, one the post-communication error, and one a (content analysis of the) post-communication responses. It was found that: the protocol variable has no effect on certainty ratings prior to the communication. Order affected intervening responses for 4 items (p<.05). Communication affected the pro-consistency and control, rather than anti-consistency group (p<.01); pro wrote more words than the anti-consistency group. The intervening responses suggest the hypothesis that people with extreme views are confident of them and resemble one another by their responses, but differ in their evaluation of responses. L. P. Chall.

WE STAND at the beginning of events of enormous importance. It is too early to form an opinion as to how these events will develop—whether it will be a long-lasting war or if all will be finished when these lines are published—whether other nations and countries will be involved in the struggle besides those who began it, or in other words whether this war will become really a world catastrophe or if it will be relatively localized—which way Chance will turn and what will be the final result of the war? Trying to answer these questions would be mere guess work, without any sufficient foundation. One thing only one might say with entire certainty: it is not a simple war-like episode the beginning of which we witness, it is an event, or rather a series of events of world importance, a. turning point in European history. And in so far as European Culture has become World Culture, the new European War may be considered as a turning point in the life of the whole world.