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The Chilean Communist Party [PCCh] was a pragmatic, manipulating party that sustained the pacific way until the very last minute, which rejected the armed path as a politic option and perfectly mastered the rules of the political game. But at the same time, it has always a disciplined party, with a rigid hierarchy and loyal to the URSS. The PCCh "wasn't a party like the others", in the sense that he must face constant internal pressure among a social dimension and a theological dimension. This work relates to a contradictory actor in the political scene, which didn't stand as a simple satellite of Moscow orders. In fact, their political action was determined by a democratic habitus which behavior results of a deep understanding of the rules played on the political arena, and the social structures learned through the party's experience. The construction and further consolidation of this habitus, and the confrontation of the democratic principles when the party reached the Presidency of the Nation [as a member of the Popular Unity Alliance], showed us how these democratic habits grew inside the PCCh et how this democratic habitus was built by the successive PCCh leaders, at different times and scenarios, because the PCCh's practices were closely aligned with the democratic principles. In that way, and holding this particular political know-how which differenced them from the rest of the Latin American communist parties, the PCCh contributed to sustain a practice-based system and the representations of the democratic Chilean regime, reaching a privileged place in the Chilean political order. ; Le Parti communiste chilien était un parti pragmatique, manipulateur, qui a soutenu la voie pacifique jusqu'au bout, a rejeté la voie armée comme moyen de lutte politique et a maîtrisé à la perfection les règles du jeu politique. Mais, dans le même temps, il a été un parti discipliné, hiérarchisé, fidèle aux directives de l'URSS. Le PCCh n'était pas un parti « comme les autres », car il devait faire face aux tensions ...

The Chilean Communist Party [PCCh] was a pragmatic, manipulating party that sustained the pacific way until the very last minute, which rejected the armed path as a politic option and perfectly mastered the rules of the political game. But at the same time, it has always a disciplined party, with a rigid hierarchy and loyal to the URSS. The PCCh "wasn't a party like the others", in the sense that he must face constant internal pressure among a social dimension and a theological dimension. This work relates to a contradictory actor in the political scene, which didn't stand as a simple satellite of Moscow orders. In fact, their political action was determined by a democratic habitus which behavior results of a deep understanding of the rules played on the political arena, and the social structures learned through the party's experience. The construction and further consolidation of this habitus, and the confrontation of the democratic principles when the party reached the Presidency of the Nation [as a member of the Popular Unity Alliance], showed us how these democratic habits grew inside the PCCh et how this democratic habitus was built by the successive PCCh leaders, at different times and scenarios, because the PCCh's practices were closely aligned with the democratic principles. In that way, and holding this particular political know-how which differenced them from the rest of the Latin American communist parties, the PCCh contributed to sustain a practice-based system and the representations of the democratic Chilean regime, reaching a privileged place in the Chilean political order. ; Le Parti communiste chilien était un parti pragmatique, manipulateur, qui a soutenu la voie pacifique jusqu'au bout, a rejeté la voie armée comme moyen de lutte politique et a maîtrisé à la perfection les règles du jeu politique. Mais, dans le même temps, il a été un parti discipliné, hiérarchisé, fidèle aux directives de l'URSS. Le PCCh n'était pas un parti « comme les autres », car il devait faire face aux tensions constantes existant au sein de la pratique et du discours entre les dimensions sociétale, qui se construisait à partir et dans la configuration politique et sociale chilienne, et téléologique, issue de l'appartenance au monde communiste. Notre travail a rendu compte d'un PCCh contradictoire, multiple qui n'a pas été un satellite de Moscou. Au contraire, son action politique a été déterminée par un habitus démocratique, où ensemble de modes et de comportements acquis qui résultent de l'internalisation de l'ensemble des règles du système politique liées au régime démocratique, et des structures sociales objectives à travers l'expérience du Parti. À partir de la construction et de la consolidation de cet habitus démocratique ainsi que de la confrontation des principes démocratiques à la pratique du PCCh lorsqu'il gagne la Présidence de la république au sein de l'alliance de l'Unité populaire, on a observé que cet habitus démocratique a été construit et consolidé par les choix des dirigeants du Parti en époques et configurations distinctes, ce qui a déterminé que la pratique du PCCh ait été en accord avec les principes démocratiques du régime. Ainsi, créditeur d'un savoir-faire politique particulier qui l'a différencié des autres partis communistes d'Amérique latine, le PCCh a contribué à maintenir en vigueur le système des pratiques et les représentations du régime démocratique chilien et a réussi à occuper une place privilégiée au sein de l'ordre politique chilien.

The article investigates the relation between the French and the Romanian Communist Parties in the 1960s. A thorough research in the Archives of the FCP indicates that the scarcity of the contacts between the two parties is due both to the mutations of the post-War global communist system and to the particular nature of the Romanian communist Party-state.

This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux ...

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux ...

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux ...

Between 1944 and 1989, the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) took several steps in order to transform the Romanian women into political actors. The first direction of action was the creation of a communist women mass organization whose name and structure changed several times: the Union of Antifascist Women of Romania, the Union of Democratic Women of Romania, the Women National Council. The role of this mass organization was to attract the feminine population to the major projects of PCR: gain of power, collectivization of agriculture, a better promotion for women in all spheres of public life, the demographic project during Nicolae Ceausescu's regime, the administration of public goods and services. In second place, the PCR, according to the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, taking as model the USSR, PCR introduced a so-called egalitarian legislation. In order to apply these principles to the Romanian society, the communist propaganda encouraged women to join the paid working force. The women presence within the PCR was one of the lowest of all the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the mid-1970s the Nicolae Ceausescu' regime introduced the principle of quotas for women representation, as members and candidates, in all party structures. The result was an increase in the percentage of women in the party up to 36% at the fall of the Romanian communism regime. With regard to the positions of authority, except a small group surrounding Elena Ceausescu, the feminine participation remained modest. ; Dans l'intervalle 1944 -1989, le Parti Communiste Roumain (PCR) a pris plusieurs mesures pour transformer les femmes roumaines en acteurs politiques. La première direction d'action a été la création d'une organisation féminine de masse dont le nom et la structure ont changé plusieurs fois: l'Union des Femmes Antifascistes de Roumanie, l'Union des Femmes Démocrates de Roumanie; le Conseil National des Femmes. Le rôle de l'organisation féminine de masse a été d'attirer la population féminine vers les principaux projets du PCR: la prise du pouvoir, la collectivisation de l'agriculture, une meilleure promotion des femmes dans tous les domaines de la vie publique, le projet démographique du régime Nicolae Ceausescu, l'administration des biens et services publics. En seconde place, le PCR, selon à la doctrine marxiste-léniniste, ayant comme modèle l'URSS, a mis en place une législation dite égalitaire. Pour que les principes juridiques deviennent réalité, la propagande communiste demandait aux femmes d'entrer dans une activité salariée. En la présence féminine dans le PCR restait une des plus basses de tous les pays communistes de l'Europe Centrale et de l'Est. C'est au milieu des années 1970 que le régime Nicolae Ceausescu introduisit le principe des quotas pour la présence féminine dans les organes dirigeants du parti mais aussi pour le nombre total des candidats. La conséquence a été l'augmentation du pourcentage des femmes dans le parti jusqu'à 36% au moment de la chute du régime communiste. En ce qui concerne les positions d'autorité, sauf un groupe restreint qui entourait Elena Ceausescu, la participation féminine est restée basse.