China is a distant and unusual country specifically known as the oldest extant civilization in the world. Relations between Ukraine and China originated in the days of the Kyivan Rus as the trade routes of the Silk Road branched over the territory of modern Ukraine, precisely the annexed Crimea. The country of East Asia is one of the largest investors in the world and has made an enormous contribution to the world's development of art, science, and culture. In Ukraine, the year 2019 was recognized as a year of a particularly active partnership between China and Ukraine. It was a reasonable and symbolic gesture on Ukraine's part. The Strategy of Ukraine's foreign policy for 2021–2024 identified China as one of its key strategic partners. It certainly is a novelty considering the global competition for the world's leadership. The conversation, however, is not about politics but literature in China. Chinese literature has always played a significant role in various spheres of cultural life: Confucius, Cao Xueqin, Lu Xun, Liu Zhenyun, and, of course, our contemporary writer – Mo Yan. In fact, this article gives a review of the collective monograph "The Tendencies in Chinese literature and the literary work of Mo Yan", edited by Ihor Pavliuk (2021), a writer, Doctor of Social Communication, professor of Ukrainian media at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, with the assistance of the Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The article is a brief overview of the distant past and present of literary China based on the extensive research made by employees of the Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (M. Sulyma, I. Pavliuk, D. Drozdovskyi) and researchers from the leading universities of Ukraine (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical ...
The strategy for development and modernization of the education system in Ukraine results in researching the subject of formation the effective infrastructure that is good at facilitating the work of higher education institutions. In this context, researching the system of academic libraries of economically developed countries, one of them is China, gives new impetus to the development and enrichment the background of libraries functioning in educational space. The article deals with the presenting the peculiar features of formation the system of libraries of higher education institutions in the People's Republic of China and researching the ways of their functioning in digital space. The main stages in the development of universities in China and creating their information infrastructure have been analyzed. The work of the best academic libraries according to "Project 211" and "Project 985" is in focus. It has been stated that the system of academic libraries in China is currently on the stage of powerful modernization of technical, technological and service areas. The criteria for its effectiveness have been determined. Objectives and directions of the development of the libraries of higher education institutions' work process have been analyzed. The comparative characteristics of the ratio of financial cost indices for printed and electronic resources by the leading academic libraries of the People's Republic of China have been presented. The government decisive influence on formation and support the digital information development and education space in China has been stated. The directions of innovative development of the system of academic libraries of the People's Republic of China have been outlined. Among them are: formation of a comfortable information environment; active design and construction of new premises equipped with the latest technology and specialized software; communication establishment; formation of educational resources system in the area of creating digital assets of educational and ...
This paper highlights the algorithms for continuing education of music art teachers in the PRC. Also, attention is paid to the difference in the use of the terms "teacher of music» and "teacher of music art", which are used in the terminology of the People's Republic of China. The peculiarity of continuing education of music art teachers in the People's Republic of China is their perception as civil servants, and it regulates the peculiarities of passing qualification courses for a given category of teachers, as well as the content of the courses. The state undertakes to create conditions for the development of teachers` own educational level and the updating of teachers' knowledge. Today, the Chinese government is actively expanding its work on retraining and deepening the knowledge of teachers in order to continuously improve the qualitative characteristics of the entire staff. For teachers of music arts who work in primary and secondary schools, continuing education courses are mainly conducted by pedagogical schools and institutes of different levels, institutes for continuing education of teachers and other retraining institutions, as well as specialized educational institutions (in the form of courses with compulsory qualification in the subject "Education") System of continuing education of teachers is in charge for the further education of primary and secondary schools teachers, including teachers of music art, which includes centers of continuing education attached to 35 universities of the country. According to the normative documents, every teacher of music arts in particular has to undergo a continuing education course every 5 years. The course program consists of 90 hours, its passing is obligatory and on-call, for which the teacher is given a paid leave at the main place of work. The training is carried out at the accredited district consulting center (usually at a pedagogical university or an institution, occasionally – in the administrations of settlements, where the corresponding specialists ...
Introduction. International trade is closely related to environmental sustainable development, while promoting trade growth and environmental sustainable development are also the goals pursued by mankind. China's environmental sustainability is affected by both severe shortages of natural resources and severe environmental pollution. In addition, growing populations and rapid economic growth, as well as weak environmental controls, have increased demand for natural resources and affected their pollution. In the past year, in conditions of the complex international situation and the severe impact of COVID-19 pandemic, China's foreign trade imports and exports have been significantly better than expected, and the scale of foreign trade has once again set a record high. However, how to ensure the growth of international trade while ensuring environmental protection? Sustainable development is one of the problems that the Chinese government needs to solve.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international trade theory, theory of foreign trade of national ecological and economic systems, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis, expert assessments and scientific abstraction. The authors use the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs, Baidu academic papers, and relevant documents in the CNKI database as data sources.The purpose of research – to prove the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development.Results. The research proved the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. The research substantiates environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. Related factors of international trade in the context of environmental sustainability have been identified. The formation of modern international trade in the conditions of changing the ecological environment of China is analyzed. Countermeasures on environmental sustainability in the context of China's growing international trade are proposed. Through the summary of research, it is found out the relevance and causality between trade and the environment, analyze and study the changes in relevant data, and summarize the main imbalances in the process of China's response to international trade and environmental sustainable development, so as to put forward corresponding problems in response to these issues solution.Prospects. The results of the research discover the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the China's international trade development on its environmental sustainability for the development of domestic foreign trade policy.
The history of China originates from the 5th millennium B.C. Written sources relating to the beginning of the period of the seven strongest states "Chuntsu" (Spring and Autumn period) originated in the 7th century B.C.The first elements of the philosophical teachings of China originated in the 5th century B.C., the most significant being Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, the School of In-Yang, and Nominalism. The thorough analysis of the abovementioned teachings provides an insight into a contemptuous attitude to the law as a means of regulating social relations and conflict resolution, as well as the faith in the harmony of human relationships and justice, and the need for a search for consensus and agreement.These teachings demonstrate a vivid confrontation between the humanist (Confucian and partly the doctrine of Mohism) and anti-humanistic (Legalist) doctrine, morality and law. It was also common to the European tradition.They had significant influence on the nature of ancient Chinese law, although it was also based on customary law, as well as on the traditions of Eastern despotism, which held the sacramentality of the ruler's figure (him and his power, as well as the laws that emanated from him, deified), the political arbitrariness, qualitatively different from the European view of the relationship between the state and the individual on the basis of blind submission, the absolute dominance of the state over society, the lack of democratic traditions of the formation of state authorities and governance, the lack of controlling authorities based directly on force, and the lack of guarantees of individual rights as its grounding features.The ancient Chinese law of the period had a very obscure caste character. The status of a person depended on the social situation this person was in, and not on his/her origin. Therefore, the linchpin here was occupied by the representatives of the ruling dynasty, as well as representatives of the state power apparatus, whose status was derived from the ruler.The second grade was occupied by regular persons (scientists, landowners, artisans, and merchants) who entirely depended on the will of the ruler and his officials. As for certain categories of persons, the extent of their eligibility was different. The following categories were personally free (Lyangen, Zhuzhen, Pingmin) and personally unfriendly, "Underworld" (Jian-jen), in addition to landowners and tenants. There also existed different statuses of father and son, spouses, separate categories of children, age categories of persons in criminal law (in particular, persons under 10 and over 80 were not held liable).The law was also featured by collective responsibility for committing crimes (the perpetrators of the crime could be punished by relatives of the offender to the third degree), a combination of functions of administration and justice (the ruler belonged to the supreme judicial authority), as well as extremely cruel sanctions for committing crimes. Court proceedings had an inquisitive character, where the person completely depended on the discretion of the authorities. Civil-law relations had the features of the lack of economic freedom and the existence of contractual relations in a rather limited framework not accompanied by clear legal guarantees.Article received 14.03.2019 ; Статтю присвячено висвітленню світоглядних основ права Стародавнього Китаю періоду розпаду первісного ладу і формування ранніх міст-держав (VII–II ст. до Р.Х.). Досліджено перші космологічні уявлення про певну єдність законів Неба, Землі і Людини, які становили першооснову світогляду, моральне і релігійно-міфічне підґрунтя суспільного і державного устрою, а також філософські вчення цього періоду, які справили важливий вплив не тільки на чинне на той час законодавство Китаю, а й на всю стародавню філософію Японії, Кореї, В'єтнаму та Тайваню, а саме: даосизм, конфуціанство, мої́зм, легізм, школа «інь-ян», номіналізм. Розкрито процеси трансформації звичаєвого права, поступового підвищення ролі закону в китайському суспільстві, протиборство конфуціанства і легізму на тлі формування централізованої держави, а також особливості правового становища особи; наведено стислу характеристику права.Матеріал надійшов 14.03.2019
The history of China originates from the 5th millennium B.C. Written sources relating to the beginning of the period of the seven strongest states "Chuntsu" (Spring and Autumn period) originated in the 7th century B.C.The first elements of the philosophical teachings of China originated in the 5th century B.C., the most significant being Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, the School of In-Yang, and Nominalism. The thorough analysis of the abovementioned teachings provides an insight into a contemptuous attitude to the law as a means of regulating social relations and conflict resolution, as well as the faith in the harmony of human relationships and justice, and the need for a search for consensus and agreement.These teachings demonstrate a vivid confrontation between the humanist (Confucian and partly the doctrine of Mohism) and anti-humanistic (Legalist) doctrine, morality and law. It was also common to the European tradition.They had significant influence on the nature of ancient Chinese law, although it was also based on customary law, as well as on the traditions of Eastern despotism, which held the sacramentality of the ruler's figure (him and his power, as well as the laws that emanated from him, deified), the political arbitrariness, qualitatively different from the European view of the relationship between the state and the individual on the basis of blind submission, the absolute dominance of the state over society, the lack of democratic traditions of the formation of state authorities and governance, the lack of controlling authorities based directly on force, and the lack of guarantees of individual rights as its grounding features.The ancient Chinese law of the period had a very obscure caste character. The status of a person depended on the social situation this person was in, and not on his/her origin. Therefore, the linchpin here was occupied by the representatives of the ruling dynasty, as well as representatives of the state power apparatus, whose status was derived from the ruler.The second grade was occupied by regular persons (scientists, landowners, artisans, and merchants) who entirely depended on the will of the ruler and his officials. As for certain categories of persons, the extent of their eligibility was different. The following categories were personally free (Lyangen, Zhuzhen, Pingmin) and personally unfriendly, "Underworld" (Jian-jen), in addition to landowners and tenants. There also existed different statuses of father and son, spouses, separate categories of children, age categories of persons in criminal law (in particular, persons under 10 and over 80 were not held liable).The law was also featured by collective responsibility for committing crimes (the perpetrators of the crime could be punished by relatives of the offender to the third degree), a combination of functions of administration and justice (the ruler belonged to the supreme judicial authority), as well as extremely cruel sanctions for committing crimes. Court proceedings had an inquisitive character, where the person completely depended on the discretion of the authorities. Civil-law relations had the features of the lack of economic freedom and the existence of contractual relations in a rather limited framework not accompanied by clear legal guarantees.Article received 14.03.2019 ; Статтю присвячено висвітленню світоглядних основ права Стародавнього Китаю періоду розпаду первісного ладу і формування ранніх міст-держав (VII–II ст. до Р.Х.). Досліджено перші космологічні уявлення про певну єдність законів Неба, Землі і Людини, які становили першооснову світогляду, моральне і релігійно-міфічне підґрунтя суспільного і державного устрою, а також філософські вчення цього періоду, які справили важливий вплив не тільки на чинне на той час законодавство Китаю, а й на всю стародавню філософію Японії, Кореї, В'єтнаму та Тайваню, а саме: даосизм, конфуціанство, мої́зм, легізм, школа «інь-ян», номіналізм. Розкрито процеси трансформації звичаєвого права, поступового підвищення ролі закону в китайському суспільстві, протиборство конфуціанства і легізму на тлі формування централізованої держави, а також особливості правового становища особи; наведено стислу характеристику права.Матеріал надійшов 14.03.2019
The history of China originates from the 5th millennium B.C. Written sources relating to the beginning of the period of the seven strongest states "Chuntsu" (Spring and Autumn period) originated in the 7th century B.C.The first elements of the philosophical teachings of China originated in the 5th century B.C., the most significant being Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, the School of In-Yang, and Nominalism. The thorough analysis of the abovementioned teachings provides an insight into a contemptuous attitude to the law as a means of regulating social relations and conflict resolution, as well as the faith in the harmony of human relationships and justice, and the need for a search for consensus and agreement.These teachings demonstrate a vivid confrontation between the humanist (Confucian and partly the doctrine of Mohism) and anti-humanistic (Legalist) doctrine, morality and law. It was also common to the European tradition.They had significant influence on the nature of ancient Chinese law, although it was also based on customary law, as well as on the traditions of Eastern despotism, which held the sacramentality of the ruler's figure (him and his power, as well as the laws that emanated from him, deified), the political arbitrariness, qualitatively different from the European view of the relationship between the state and the individual on the basis of blind submission, the absolute dominance of the state over society, the lack of democratic traditions of the formation of state authorities and governance, the lack of controlling authorities based directly on force, and the lack of guarantees of individual rights as its grounding features.The ancient Chinese law of the period had a very obscure caste character. The status of a person depended on the social situation this person was in, and not on his/her origin. Therefore, the linchpin here was occupied by the representatives of the ruling dynasty, as well as representatives of the state power apparatus, whose status was derived from the ruler.The second grade was occupied by regular persons (scientists, landowners, artisans, and merchants) who entirely depended on the will of the ruler and his officials. As for certain categories of persons, the extent of their eligibility was different. The following categories were personally free (Lyangen, Zhuzhen, Pingmin) and personally unfriendly, "Underworld" (Jian-jen), in addition to landowners and tenants. There also existed different statuses of father and son, spouses, separate categories of children, age categories of persons in criminal law (in particular, persons under 10 and over 80 were not held liable).The law was also featured by collective responsibility for committing crimes (the perpetrators of the crime could be punished by relatives of the offender to the third degree), a combination of functions of administration and justice (the ruler belonged to the supreme judicial authority), as well as extremely cruel sanctions for committing crimes. Court proceedings had an inquisitive character, where the person completely depended on the discretion of the authorities. Civil-law relations had the features of the lack of economic freedom and the existence of contractual relations in a rather limited framework not accompanied by clear legal guarantees.Article received 14.03.2019 ; Статтю присвячено висвітленню світоглядних основ права Стародавнього Китаю періоду розпаду первісного ладу і формування ранніх міст-держав (VII–II ст. до Р.Х.). Досліджено перші космологічні уявлення про певну єдність законів Неба, Землі і Людини, які становили першооснову світогляду, моральне і релігійно-міфічне підґрунтя суспільного і державного устрою, а також філософські вчення цього періоду, які справили важливий вплив не тільки на чинне на той час законодавство Китаю, а й на всю стародавню філософію Японії, Кореї, В'єтнаму та Тайваню, а саме: даосизм, конфуціанство, мої́зм, легізм, школа «інь-ян», номіналізм. Розкрито процеси трансформації звичаєвого права, поступового підвищення ролі закону в китайському суспільстві, протиборство конфуціанства і легізму на тлі формування централізованої держави, а також особливості правового становища особи; наведено стислу характеристику права.Матеріал надійшов 14.03.2019
The relevance of the study is due to insufficient study of the peculiarities of the formation 68 of organizational culture in the People's Republic of China as a country that has today one of the highest indicators of economic development and production. The aim of the article was to identify the features of the formation of organizational culture in the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is established that since 1978, China has been actively implementing reforms aimed at openness and economic development of the country, an important place among these reforms was assigned to education, science and culture. The concept of "organizational culture" gained popularity in the early 1980's, but there is still no single common definition. The essence of the concept of "organizational culture" in China is behavior as a norm of relations in production, which is based on undisguised rules of conduct that are subject to the goals of the company, and is an important factor in economic development. Among the functions of organizational culture are defined: planning, team cohesion; motivational, controlling; influence function; integrative function; harmony function; management. Among the features of the formation of organizational culture in China are: attitude to culture and art aimed at developing the sphere of spirit, emotions, sensitivity and uniqueness of the individual; corporate governance in China involves sensitivity, creativity and emotionality. Relationships in management are governed primarily by moral norms that sometimes become higher than the law; professional ethics; the dominance of political culture in social and cultural life; formation of organizational culture in constant reform; development through innovation; taking into account the management models of foreign countries, but their implementation taking into account national characteristics; based on competencies, hard work, development of a system of motives and incentives taking into account the national traditions of the country. ; Актуальність дослідження зумовлена недостатнім вивченням питання особливостей формування організаційної культури в Китайській Народній Республіці як країні, яка на сьогодні має одні із вищих показників розвитку економіки та виробництва. Метою статті стало виявлення особливостей формування організаційної культури в Китайській Народній Республіці (КНР). Установлено, що, починаючи з 1978 року, КНР активно впроваджувала реформи, спрямовані на відкритість та розвиток економіки країни. Важливе місце серед цих реформ було призначено саме освіті, науці та культурі. Поняття «організаційна культура» набуло популярності на початок 1980-х рр., проте і досі не існує його єдиного загальноприйнятого визначення. Під сутністю поняття «організаційна культура» у КНР розуміють поведінку як норму відносин на виробництві, котра базується на неприхованих правилах спілкування, які підпорядковані меті компанії, і виступає важливим чинником економічного розвитку виробництва. Серед функцій організаційної культури фахівці визначають: планувальну, згуртування колективу; мотиваційну; контролюючу; функцію впливу; інтегративні функції; функцію гармонії; управлінську. Серед особливостей формування організаційної культури у КНР визначено: позитивне ставлення до культури та мистецтва, котрі спрямовані на розвиток сфери духу, емоцій, чуйності та унікальності особистості; розумне управління компаніями у КНР, яке передбачає прояв таких якостей, як: чуйність, творчість, професійна етика та емоційність; регулювання взаємовідносин в управлінні перш за все моральними нормами, які іноді стають вище за закон; домінування політичної культури в суспільному та культурному житті; формування організаційної культури в процесі постійного реформування; розвиток особистості та суспільства через інновації; вивчення моделей управління зарубіжних країн та їх упровадження з урахуванням національних особливостей; ґрунтування організаційної культури на відповідних компетентностях, наполегливій праці; розробка системи мотивів і стимулів з урахуванням національних традицій країни.
In the People's Republic of China, an intergovernmental Ukrainian-Chinese Silk Road Center has been established together with Ukraine, and a number of contracts have been concluded with Chinese government companies and enterprises. This opens new opportunities for Ukrainian-Chinese scientific cooperation within the framework of grant programs of the People's Republic of China "One Belt, One Road". A special online platform has been created, which is a unified online portal for submitting applications for participation of Ukrainian scientists in grant programs of the People's Republic of China for joint research. To participate in the program, you need to register on the portal to create a personal account, personal account and ID number of the researcher, which is used to apply for grant projects. Preparation of the grant application begins after the preliminary identification of Chinese partners and the corresponding level of the grant. Currently, the Ukrainian-Chinese Center is implementing a grant program for postdoctoral internships, as well as inviting scientists to work in laboratories and research groups in China. Currently, more than 30 universities cooperate with the Center, they participate in joint research in robotics, mechanical engineering, information technology, automation systems, economics, medicine, agriculture and others. In 2020, the Ukrainian-Chinese Silk Road Center is included in the registers of foreign companies with which cooperation in education and research is recommended for submitting grant requests to the Beijing High Technology Exchange. ; В Китайской народной республике вместе с Украиной основан межправительственный Украинско-китайский центр Шелкового пути, заключен ряд контрактов с китайскими правительственными компаниями и предприятиями. Это открывает новые возможности для украинско-китайского научного сотрудничества в рамках грантовых программ Китайской народной республики «Один пояс, Один путь». Создана специальная онлайн платформа, которая представляет собой унифицированный онлайн портал для подачи заявок на участие украинских ученых в грантовых программах КНР на проведение совместных научных исследований. Для участия в программе нужно зарегистрироваться на портале для создания личного кабинета, персональной учетной записи и ID номера ученого, который используется для подачи заявок на грантовые проекты. Подготовка грантовой заявки начинается после предварительного определения китайских партнеров и соответствующего уровня гранта. В настоящее время украинско-китайский центр внедряет грантовую программу постдокторской стажировки, а также приглашает ученых к работе в лабораториях и исследовательских группах Китая. Сейчас с Центром сотрудничают более 30 университетов, они участвуют в совместных научных исследованиях по робототехнике, машиностроению, информационным технологиям, системам автоматизации, экономики, медицине, сельскому хозяйству и т.д. 2020 г. Украинско-китайский центр Шелкового пути, включен в реестры иностранных компаний, с которыми рекомендовано сотрудничество в образовательной и научных сферах для подачи грантовых запросов Пекинской биржи высоких технологий. ; В Китайській народній республіці разом з Україною засновано міжурядовий Українсько-китайський центр Шовкового шляху, укладено низку контрактів із китайськими урядовими компаніями та підприємствами. Це відкриває нові можливості для українсько-китайського наукового співробітництва в рамках грантових програм Китайської народної республіки «Один пояс, Один шлях». Створено спеціальну онлайн платформу, яка представляє собою уніфікований онлайн портал для подачі заявок на участь українських науковців у грантових програмах КНР на проведення спільних наукових досліджень. Для участі в програмі потрібно зареєструватися на порталі для створення особистого кабінету, персонального облікового запису та ID номеру науковця, який використовується для подачі заявок на грантові проекти. Підготовка грантової заявки починається після попереднього визначення китайських партнерів та відповідного рівня гранту. Наразі Українсько-китайський центр впроваджує грантову програму постдокторського стажування, а також запрошує науковців до роботи в лабораторіях та дослідницьких групах Китаю. Наразі з Центром співпрацюють понад 30 університетів, вони беруть участь у спільних наукових дослідженнях з робототехніки, машинобудування, інформаційних технологій, систем автоматизації, економіки, медицини, сільського господарства та ін. 2020 року Українсько-китайський центр Шовкового шляху, включено до реєстрів іноземних компаній, з якими рекомендовано співпрацю в освітній та наукових сферах для подачі грантових запитів Пекінської біржі високих технологій.
Modern education is experiencing essential changes that are manifested in organizational, managerial, legal, economic modernization, defining new educational goals that are to be adequate to the changes taking place in modern society. The importance of the educational process` potential, the role of civic education, the development of democratic principles in the life of the school and the organization of social practice of students is growing. The social order requires the education system to carry out the preparation of an active, competitive person, competent in solving vital and professional problems, ready for carrying civic responsibilities, responsible for his own well-being and the welfare of the country. Traditionally the leading role in this process is given to a teacher who has to involve the younger generation in the core of the civic values of society and mankind. The civic competence of a teacher is a set of readiness and abilities to implement in the educational process the principles of state policy in the field of education actively and responsibly, to be guided by normative and legal acts, to observe the rights and obligations of a democratic society member, to educate the younger generation in the spirit of humanism, freedom and love to the homeland. Today the civic competence of a teacher is attributed to the general, or basic competencies of the individual. The education of a worthy citizen of the country throughout the history pedagogical theory and practice has been and remains the main task of the education and training system in China and the People's Republic of China. However, the main efforts of the state in this process are aimed at preparing the corps of teachers whose educational level and personal and moral qualities, the system of values, behavioral algorithms correspond to the social portrait and the requirements of the state. Using the example as the main educational method, the Chinese put forward demands for a teacher as the ultimate product of the education system (and not ...
The article explores the conceptual and applied aspects of China's 'sharp power' as a new technology of influence on international policy aimed at achieving competitive advantages through information operations, cyber threats and manipulation of news content in media and social networks. Also, the changes in China's information security strategy have been analyzed considering the use of such tools as a modern form of political activity in international relations. The 'sharp power' tools may include attempts by some international actors to manage information on themselves in another country's media, education and cultural systems for misleading or dividing public opinion in the chosen country or for distracting from negative information on themselves. In particular, Chinese government institutions support the policy and information security for counteracting China's criticism outside and impacting on international interactions through 'sharp' diplomacy. 'Sharp' diplomacy is an ideology that supports the privilege of state power above personal freedom and is fundamentally hostile for open discussions and independent thought. It is found that China has different positions on 'sharp power' policy as a component of information security at the international and national levels that depends on technological innovations in telecommunications and social media which are a challenge for global democracy, legal international policy and effective cooperation. Incorporating 'sharp power' into China's information security strategy enables more active promotion of the country's policy abroad, respond promptly to national interests and understand public opinion on China's role in global governance. ; У статті досліджено концептуальні й прикладні аспекти «гострої сили» Китаю як нової технології впливу в міжнародній політиці, що спрямована на досягнення конкурентних переваг за допомогою інформаційних операцій, кіберзагроз і маніпулювання новинним контентом мас-медіа й соціальних мереж, проаналізовано зміни в стратегії інформаційної безпеки Китаю з огляду на використання такого інструментарію, як сучасна форма політичної діяльності держави в міжнародних відносинах. Інструментарій «гострої сили» може включати спроби окремих міжнародних акторів управляти інформацією про себе в мас-медіа, освітніх і культурологічних системах іншої країни аби ввести в оману або розділити громадську думку в обраній країні чи відвернути увагу від негативної інформації про себе. Зокрема, китайські урядові інституції здійснюють підтримку своєї політики та інформаційної безпеки шляхом нейтралізації критики Китаю за межами країни, намагаються впливати на міжнародну взаємодію через «гостру» дипломатію, яка зумовлюється ідеологією, що підтримує привілеї державної влади над особистою свободою і є принципово ворожою для відкритих дискусій та незалежної думки. З'ясовано, що Китай має різні позиції щодо політики «гострої сили» як складової частини інформаційної безпеки на міжнародному й національному рівнях, що зумовлюється технологічними інноваціями в телекомунікаціях та соціальних медіа, які вважаються викликом для глобальної демократії, проведення відповідної правової міжнародної політики та ефективного співробітництва. Уключення контенту «гострої сили» до стратегії інформаційної безпеки Китаю свідчить про спрямоване позиціонування політики країни у світі, оперативне реагування щодо забезпечення національних інтересів і формування прийнятної для Китаю громадської думки щодо ролі держави в процесах глобального управління.
The article is devoted to the generalizing given the principles of power, management and development of law, formed at the initial stage of the formation of Chinese civilization. The chronological framework of the origin of the Chinese civilization in the ancient period and the main periods of the history of Ancient China are determined. The main features of the despotic form of government, the stages of the feudal hierarchy and the hierarchy of higher dignitaries, the principle of transferring the main political and legal principles from one dynasty to another, the importance of the reforms of Shang Yang and Wang Man in the process of strengthening the central government are analyzed. Against the background of the study of significant monographic literature, conclusions were drawn about the formation of the Qin Empire as a pivotal event in the history of Ancient China. The lack of balance in the repressive and permissive policy caused widespread discontent among the masses and a wave of large-scale peasant uprisings, which from time to time destroyed the power of the dynasties. The consequence was the political disintegration of Ancient China. The key idea around which the state and law are formed is the idea of harmony between heaven, earth and people and the observance of natural laws. It is from the period of the ancient Chinese dynasties that the doctrine of Confucianism has been the foundation of the Chinese society and has become a kind of quintessence of Chinese civilization.
China is a distant and unusual country specifically known as the oldest extant civilization in the world. Relations between Ukraine and China originated in the days of the Kyivan Rus as the trade routes of the Silk Road branched over the territory of modern Ukraine, precisely the annexed Crimea. The country of East Asia is one of the largest investors in the world and has made an enormous contribution to the world's development of art, science, and culture. In Ukraine, the year 2019 was recognized as a year of a particularly active partnership between China and Ukraine. It was a reasonable and symbolic gesture on Ukraine's part. The Strategy of Ukraine's foreign policy for 2021–2024 identified China as one of its key strategic partners. It certainly is a novelty considering the global competition for the world's leadership. The conversation, however, is not about politics but literature in China. Chinese literature has always played a significant role in various spheres of cultural life: Confucius, Cao Xueqin, Lu Xun, Liu Zhenyun, and, of course, our contemporary writer – Mo Yan. In fact, this article gives a review of the collective monograph "The Tendencies in Chinese literature and the literary work of Mo Yan", edited by Ihor Pavliuk (2021), a writer, Doctor of Social Communication, professor of Ukrainian media at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, with the assistance of the Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The article is a brief overview of the distant past and present of literary China based on the extensive research made by employees of the Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (M. Sulyma, I. Pavliuk, D. Drozdovskyi) and researchers from the leading universities of Ukraine (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts, etc.). ; Китай – далека й незвичайна країна, яка належить до стародавньої цивілізації, чия історія ніколи не переривалася. Відносини між Україною та Китаєм почали зароджуватися ще за часів Київської Русі завдяки Великому шовковому шляху, що заходив на територію сучасної України – анексованого Криму. Країна Східної Азії є однією із найбільших інвесторів світу, що зробила величезний внесок у розвиток світового мистецтва, науки та культури. 2019-й був роком Китаю в Україні – зрозумілий і символічний жест нашої держави. У недавно прийнятій Кабміном Стратегії зовнішньополітичної діяльності України на найближчі три роки після північноамериканських та європейських ключових стратегічних партнерів визначено й Китай, що, безумовно, є новацією на тлі боротьби за світове лідерство. Але наразі мова не про політику, а про літературу в Китаї, що повсякчас відігравала значну роль у різноманітних сферах культурного життя: Конфуцій, Цао Сюецінь, Лу Цінь, Лю Чженьюнь і, звичайно, наш сучасник – Мо Янь. У статті йдеться, зокрема, про колективну монографію «Тенденції китайської літератури та творчість Мо Яня», упорядковану доктором наук із соціальних комунікацій, професором кафедри української преси Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка, письменником Ігорем Павлюком за сприяння Інституту літератури імені Т. Г. Шевченка Національної академії наук України. Зроблено короткий огляд монографії про далеку минувшину та сьогодення літературного Китаю з допомогою досліджень співробітників Інституту літератури імені Т. Г. Шевченка НАН України (М. М. Сулима, І. З. Павлюк, Д. І. Дроздовський) та науковців із провідних університетів України (Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, Дніпровський національний університет імені Олеся Гончара, Вінницький державний педагогічний університет імені Михайла Коцюбинського, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франкa, Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника, Національний медичний університет імені О. О. Богомольця, Київський національний університет культури і мистецтв та ін.).
The purpose of the article is to clarify the essence of moral and ethical views in Chinese philosophical thought on the corruption emergence, as well as the role of interpersonal relations in it; review the cultural background of corruption; consider the corruption of modern China from the point of view of Confucian traditional political culture. The study applies a complex of methods – analysis, synthesis, logical, historical-comparative, cultural, system-structural – to examine the state of the scientific coverage of the topic, the origin of corruption and its sacred factors with sociocultural factors. Based on the political and cultural origin of corruption's clarification as a phenomenon and understanding of the modern China corruption from the point of view of Confucian traditional political culture, the author draws conclusions that the emergence of corruption is associated with specific sociocultural factors and causes that originate in interpersonal relations. Cultural genes deeply rooted in the political economy are called the primary source of corruption. At the same time, it is noted that the renewal of ideas in society is slow and does not have clear prospects for implementation; the formation of an environment of the rule of law requires a long process; overcoming corruption is an urgent task both in public life, and in the sphere of culture and science.
