Suchergebnisse

The PhD thesis presented here investigates the historic landscape of the Cinque Terre through analysis of the multiform territorial iconography, descriptions of the past and the ancient cadastral records. The aim is to define a methodology (which could possibly also be extended to other contexts) for the qualitative appraisal of the landscape, where the yardstick is yielded by the abstract status conditions brought to light by parameters defined as "historic indicators". The temporal thresholds analysed (1612, 1643, 1799, 1918-32, 1982, 1990) lead to interpretative syntheses (for example, those on Riomaggiore) aimed at the identification of rules for project initiatives shared by the local communities. - La tesi di dottorato qui presentata indaga il paesaggio storico delle Cinque Terre attraverso l'analisi della multiforme iconografi a territoriale, delle descrizioni del passato e degli antichi catasti descrittivi. Il fine è quello di mettere a punto una metodologia (estensibile eventualmente ad altri contesti) per la valutazione qualitativa del paesaggio, dove la misura è data dalle condizioni di stato astratte messe in luce da parametri detti "indicatori storici". Le soglie temporali analizzate (1612, 1643, 1799, 1918-32, 1982, 1990) conducono a sintesi interpretative (es. quelle su Riomaggiore) finalizzate all'individuazione di regole per azioni di progetto condivise dalle comunità locali.

International audience ; Cette contribution s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux récits paysagers associés à la politique d'inscription des " paysages culturels " au Patrimoine mondial de l'humanité, mise en œuvre par l'UNESCO depuis 1992. À l'heure où l'écologisation des espaces locaux devient l'un des vecteurs principaux de (re)construction des identités collectives, ces récits tramés autour du paysage peuvent-ils servir de matrice et de soubassement symboliques à de nouvelles visions du rapport nature/société dans les territoires concernés ? Le processus d'inscription est-il véritablement apte à susciter la construction de récits paysagers capables de fonder symboliquement des projets orientés vers la durabilité, c'est-à-dire fondés sur une gestion des temporalités socio-écologiques ? Ces questions sont au cœur de l'analyse comparative que nous avons menée pour trois " paysages culturels " européens, inscrits entre 1997 et 2003 et ayant pour caractéristique commune d'être fortement marqués par l'activité viti-vinicole. Il s'agit de Portovenere, Cinque Terre et les îles, de la Juridiction de Saint-Émilion et de la région viticole de Tokaj. L'étude de ces trois cas de figure nous amène à penser que l'efficience des récits paysagers, relativement à leur capacité à fonder une pensée de la durabilité et une action en la matière, réside dans leur capacité à prendre en charge les phénomènes de résilience paysagère, qui font de tout héritage une réalité en décalage avec les conditions qui lui avaient permis d'advenir. À cette condition seulement, le récit semble capable de se prolonger dans l'avenir et de dégager les horizons d'un projet de développement durable, qui dépasse une simple action sur les formes du paysage et vise à établir les conditions socio-écologiques de leur production et de leur évolution.

International audience ; Cette contribution s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux récits paysagers associés à la politique d'inscription des " paysages culturels " au Patrimoine mondial de l'humanité, mise en œuvre par l'UNESCO depuis 1992. À l'heure où l'écologisation des espaces locaux devient l'un des vecteurs principaux de (re)construction des identités collectives, ces récits tramés autour du paysage peuvent-ils servir de matrice et de soubassement symboliques à de nouvelles visions du rapport nature/société dans les territoires concernés ? Le processus d'inscription est-il véritablement apte à susciter la construction de récits paysagers capables de fonder symboliquement des projets orientés vers la durabilité, c'est-à-dire fondés sur une gestion des temporalités socio-écologiques ? Ces questions sont au cœur de l'analyse comparative que nous avons menée pour trois " paysages culturels " européens, inscrits entre 1997 et 2003 et ayant pour caractéristique commune d'être fortement marqués par l'activité viti-vinicole. Il s'agit de Portovenere, Cinque Terre et les îles, de la Juridiction de Saint-Émilion et de la région viticole de Tokaj. L'étude de ces trois cas de figure nous amène à penser que l'efficience des récits paysagers, relativement à leur capacité à fonder une pensée de la durabilité et une action en la matière, réside dans leur capacité à prendre en charge les phénomènes de résilience paysagère, qui font de tout héritage une réalité en décalage avec les conditions qui lui avaient permis d'advenir. À cette condition seulement, le récit semble capable de se prolonger dans l'avenir et de dégager les horizons d'un projet de développement durable, qui dépasse une simple action sur les formes du paysage et vise à établir les conditions socio-écologiques de leur production et de leur évolution.

International audience ; Cette contribution s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux récits paysagers associés à la politique d'inscription des " paysages culturels " au Patrimoine mondial de l'humanité, mise en œuvre par l'UNESCO depuis 1992. À l'heure où l'écologisation des espaces locaux devient l'un des vecteurs principaux de (re)construction des identités collectives, ces récits tramés autour du paysage peuvent-ils servir de matrice et de soubassement symboliques à de nouvelles visions du rapport nature/société dans les territoires concernés ? Le processus d'inscription est-il véritablement apte à susciter la construction de récits paysagers capables de fonder symboliquement des projets orientés vers la durabilité, c'est-à-dire fondés sur une gestion des temporalités socio-écologiques ? Ces questions sont au cœur de l'analyse comparative que nous avons menée pour trois " paysages culturels " européens, inscrits entre 1997 et 2003 et ayant pour caractéristique commune d'être fortement marqués par l'activité viti-vinicole. Il s'agit de Portovenere, Cinque Terre et les îles, de la Juridiction de Saint-Émilion et de la région viticole de Tokaj. L'étude de ces trois cas de figure nous amène à penser que l'efficience des récits paysagers, relativement à leur capacité à fonder une pensée de la durabilité et une action en la matière, réside dans leur capacité à prendre en charge les phénomènes de résilience paysagère, qui font de tout héritage une réalité en décalage avec les conditions qui lui avaient permis d'advenir. À cette condition seulement, le récit semble capable de se prolonger dans l'avenir et de dégager les horizons d'un projet de développement durable, qui dépasse une simple action sur les formes du paysage et vise à établir les conditions socio-écologiques de leur production et de leur évolution.

International audience ; Cette contribution s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux récits paysagers associés à la politique d'inscription des " paysages culturels " au Patrimoine mondial de l'humanité, mise en œuvre par l'UNESCO depuis 1992. À l'heure où l'écologisation des espaces locaux devient l'un des vecteurs principaux de (re)construction des identités collectives, ces récits tramés autour du paysage peuvent-ils servir de matrice et de soubassement symboliques à de nouvelles visions du rapport nature/société dans les territoires concernés ? Le processus d'inscription est-il véritablement apte à susciter la construction de récits paysagers capables de fonder symboliquement des projets orientés vers la durabilité, c'est-à-dire fondés sur une gestion des temporalités socio-écologiques ? Ces questions sont au cœur de l'analyse comparative que nous avons menée pour trois " paysages culturels " européens, inscrits entre 1997 et 2003 et ayant pour caractéristique commune d'être fortement marqués par l'activité viti-vinicole. Il s'agit de Portovenere, Cinque Terre et les îles, de la Juridiction de Saint-Émilion et de la région viticole de Tokaj. L'étude de ces trois cas de figure nous amène à penser que l'efficience des récits paysagers, relativement à leur capacité à fonder une pensée de la durabilité et une action en la matière, réside dans leur capacité à prendre en charge les phénomènes de résilience paysagère, qui font de tout héritage une réalité en décalage avec les conditions qui lui avaient permis d'advenir. À cette condition seulement, le récit semble capable de se prolonger dans l'avenir et de dégager les horizons d'un projet de développement durable, qui dépasse une simple action sur les formes du paysage et vise à établir les conditions socio-écologiques de leur production et de leur évolution.

Abstract. During the autumn of 2011 two catastrophic, very intense rainfall events affected two different parts of the Liguria Region of Italy causing various flash floods. The first occurred in October and the second at the beginning of November. Both the events were characterized by very high rainfall intensities (> 100 mm h−1) that persisted on a small portion of territory causing local huge rainfall accumulations (> 400 mm 6 h−1). Two main considerations were made in order to set up this work. The first consideration is that various studies demonstrated that the two events had a similar genesis and similar triggering elements. The second very evident and coarse concern is that two main elements are needed to have a flash flood: a very intense and localized rainfall event and a catchment (or a group of catchments) to be affected. Starting from these assumptions we did the exercise of mixing the two flash flood ingredients by putting the rainfall field of the first event on the main catchment struck by the second event, which has its mouth in the biggest city of the Liguria Region: Genoa. A complete framework was set up to quantitatively carry out a "what if" experiment with the aim of evaluating the possible damages associated with this event. A probabilistic rainfall downscaling model was used to generate possible rainfall scenarios maintaining the main characteristics of the observed rainfall fields while a hydrological model transformed these rainfall scenarios in streamflow scenarios. A subset of streamflow scenarios is then used as input to a 2-D hydraulic model to estimate the hazard maps, and finally a proper methodology is applied for damage estimation. This leads to the estimation of the potential economic losses and of the risk level for the people that stay in the affected area. The results are interesting, surprising and in a way worrying: a rare but not impossible event (it occurred about 50 km away from Genoa) would have caused huge damages estimated between 120 and EUR 230 million for the affected part of the city of Genoa, Italy, and more than 17 000 potentially affected people.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 - Five Plots, Five Prairies, Reflooding a Delta -- 2 - The Cranes Are Flying-Again -- 3 - From Necedah to St. Louis via Zaragoza: A Restoration Learning Curve -- 4 - Greening the Rainbow Nation: Saving the World on a Single Budget? -- 5 - Awkward Questions from the Windy City: Why Restore? To What? For Whom? -- 6 - Keeping Nature Out? Restoring the Cultural Landscape of the Cinque Terre -- 7 - The Last of the Woods Laid Low? Fragile Green Shoots in Irish Forests -- 8 - Future Shock: "Novel Ecosystems" and Climate Change Shake Resotration's Foundations -- 9 - Dreamtime in Gondwanaland -- 10 - Restoration on a Grand Scale: Finding a Home for 350,000 Species -- 11 - Killing for Conservation: The Grim Precondition for Restoration in New Zealand -- 12 - The Mayan Men (and Women) Who Can (Re)Make the Rain Forest -- 13 - Making the Black Deserts Bloom: Bog Restoration on the Brink of Extinction -- 14 - Walk Like a Chameleon: Three Trends, One Story -- 15 - Conclusions: Why Restore? -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

The collapse of tourism caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is forcing many destinations to rethink their economic model, by focusing on sustainability and innovation. Advances in tourism impact assessment can not only improve tourism products and services, but also guide the sector towards responsible choices for the post-COVID era. The paper proposes a new way to assess tourism products using the Life Cycle Assessment—LCA methodology. Thanks to this method the authors quantify the environmental impacts of tourism choices and propose alternative green solutions. Innovation is therefore aimed at promoting a new awareness to support sustainable tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic. Once the impacts have been quantified, local governments can make decisions in their plans to promote the most sustainable solutions. The application of the methodology to a typical case study for the Mediterranean area—Cinque Terre National Park in the Liguria Region (Italy)—further helps administrations to transfer and replicate the authors' proposal. The proposed methodology is applied taking into account several priority issues for host territories such as the activities carried out by tourists, tourism mobility, and accommodation.

The XVII century is considered as the most important period for the formation of the first structured coastal protection of the Gulf of La Spezia. Famous coeval events, having Genoa's Republic involved in a state of confusion within European powers, lead to a significant reinforcement of the defence of the territory. The new structures, heading to the existing fortress of Santa Maria and forming a precise layout of the coastal towers along the western side of the gulf, were capable of observing and contrasting all types of naval attacks. Today this system appears mostly dilapidated: part of it was adapted for the construction of a new arsenal during the nineteenth century, while some buildings were wiped out by the urban expansion. In the municipality of Porto Venere, the only surviving tower from the XVII century is "Torre Scola", which is recognized as an outstanding element within the local landscape, and since 1997 included in the UNESCO's site of "Porto Venere, Cinque Terre and the islands". The aim of this paper is thus to contribute to the knowledge of this heritage almost completely erased, but which remains as evidence of the first stage of militarization of La Spezia's Gulf.

Un percorso di ricerca aperto – sin dagli anni 1970 – dall'ecologia storica di matrice europea ha sviluppato uno specifico approccio storico ispirato dalla esperienza della local o topographical history ai problemi della conservazione ambientale e culturale. Questo approccio storico è stato raramente adottato nei paesi del Sud Europa sia a causa della scelta storiografica fondativa – la local history – sostanzialmente divenuta estranea alla ricerca storica (e geografica) continentale, sia per il problema politico-gestionale che fa emergere. L'approccio storico ri-mette al centro del governo delle risorse ambientali (e dunque della loro potenziale riqualificazione negli attuali indirizzi sia conservazionistici sia produttivi) l'ingombrante e ignorato patrimonio storico-ambientale (spesso ancora attuale) delle pratiche e dei saperi connessi con la gestione locale di risorse ambientali e paesaggi. Riscoprire questi legami ambientali pregressi, storici, tra produzioni locali e risorse ambientali chiede di ripensare urgentemente per le montagne mediterranee la definizione dell'attività agricola e delle politiche ambientali, verso una conservazione dinamica delle risorse e dei relativi paesaggi rurali tramite la produzione agraria, selvicolturale e forestale e abbandonando politiche orientate alla mera "rinaturalizzazione". Da questo humus trova origine il volume, che raccoglie le ricerche sviluppate da geografi, ecologi, storici ed archeologi in collaborazione con il Fondo Ambientale Italiano (FAI) per la ricostruzione della "biografia di un paesaggio individuale", ovvero una caratterizzazione storica del paesaggio rurale individuale, applicate al restauro di un paesaggio rurale di interesse storico nella località Case Lovara (Parco delle Cinque Terre – Liguria).

Why we need of a critical perspective on landscape as heritage / Giacomo Pettenati -- Landscape, heritage and justice : what place for education? / Margherita Cisani -- Mapping landscape from the past to the future : critical reflections on the governance of landscape as heritage from the case of the Xikrin Indians of Brazil / Stéphanie Tselouiko -- Community-based organizations in Kisumu : a necessary but not sufficient condition for managing polyvalent heritage landscapes / Fredrick Odede, Beth Perry and Patrick O. Hayombe -- A vineyard landscape, a Unesco inscription and a national park : a historical-anthropological analysis of heritagization and tourism development in the Cinque Terre, Italy / Cecilia Paradiso -- Storytelling and online media as narrative practices for engaging with the historic urban landscapes (HUL) : the case study of Porto, Portugal / Ana Rita Albuquerque, Maria Leonor Botelho and Dominique Crozat -- From landscape as heritage to biocultural heritage in a landscape : the ecological and cultural legacy of millennial land use practices for future natures / Vincenza Ferrara, Anneli Ekblom and Anders Wästfelt -- Heritigizing traditional adaptations to natural hazards : a critical perspective / Pavel Raška and Rory Walshe -- Establishing nationhood through heritage landscapes : bear biopolitics in the Catalan Pyrenees / Guillem Rubio-Ramon and Karen V.L. Syse -- The intimate place : towards a decolonizing approach to protect and maintain the territory and cultural heritage of the Kamëntšá people / Marcelo Marques Miranda, Jully Acuña Suárez, Silvia Jamioy Juajibioy and Milena Aguillón Chindoy -- Remains of privileged spaces : moral landscapes in Delfland, the Netherlands / Maurits W. Ertsen -- Cross-border landscape as heritage? : insights from Slovenian borderlands / Marjeta Pisk and Špela Ledinek Lozej -- Remaking a landscape after the trauma :tThe Brumadinho dam catastrophe and the memorial for the victims / Edilson Pereira and Leonardo Vilaça Dupin

Since August 1, 2018 human beings are indebted to the earth, they lived the resources they do not own, taking them to future generations. The overexploitation of land resources results in phenomena such as deforestation, collapse of water resources, fresh water scarcity, biodiversity loss and carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere and seas worldwide. They remember the great disasters occurred as a result in the last twenty years: the floods of the Cinque Terre in Genoa in 2011 and Hamburg in 2013, the snow cover of 2013 in New York, the Athens fires of 2007 and 2018. Drought, fires , hurricanes, water bombs are becoming more frequent hitting the town and procuring the loss of human lives. It seems pretty clear that human influence has been the dominant cause of the global warming observed since the mid-twentieth century. Climate and cities have a close relationship and the importance of the local level is crucial. The statement of 2011 has mayors of Bonn said that "Local governments play a strategic role in addressing climate change for their responsibility in the plans and regulations can influence innovative processes and solutions for adaptation and mitigation". The argument is much more pressing if we speak well of the city of rural areas and small urban centers in this historic moment undergo the phenomenon with the loss of a priceless cultural and natural value. The smaller towns are often placed in areas of high natural quality, sites of Community importance or a special protection area, to protect and secure from the hydrogeological point of view. The needs of tourism, enhancement and recovery of the territory can interact positively with respect to the research of global sustainability experience. There is a need to develop policies and tools associated with climate proof local emergency plans as well as to upgrade local infrastructure with the participation of civil society and private actors. In this context the adoption of green infrastructures appears to be the right approach to guide the city to urban regeneration, having a great potential for resilience. Transforming our cities into smart cities is essential, putting them into a system integrating the various territorial and urban green capabilities through a Best Practices policy. The essential foundations are based on the use of public parks to be able to ensure good functionality hydrological and climate, it founded on the maintenance of biodiversity and the possibility to enjoy a beautiful and functional city and be able to promote human relations. It is fundamental to focus on internal areas and small centers such as settlement structures with morphological and dimensional stability over time.

From the first of August 2018 human beings are in debt to the earth, they have lived on resources they did not own, taking them away from future generations. The reckless exploitation of land resources translates into phenomena such as deforestation, collapse of water resources, scarcity of fresh water, loss of biodiversity and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in the seas on a worldwide scale. We remember the great districts that occurred in the last twenty years: the floods of the Cinque Terre in Genoa in 2011 and Hamburg in 2013, the snow blanket of 2013 in New York, the fires in Athens in 2007 and 2018. Drought, fires hurricanes and water bombs are becoming more frequent, affecting cities and causing loss of life. It is quite clear that human influence has been the dominant cause of global warming observed since the mid-twentieth century. Climate and cities are in strict relation and the importance of the local level is fundamental. In the Bonn's declaration of Mayors 2011, it was stated that "Local governments play a strategic role in addressing climate change for their responsibility in plans and regulations capable of influencing innovative adaptation and mitigation processes and solutions". The topic is much more pressing if we speak not only of cities of rural areas and small urban centers that in this historical phase suffer the phenomenon of abandonment with the loss of an inestimable cultural and landscape value. The smaller centers are often located in areas of high natural quality, sites of community importance or special protection area, to be protected from a hydrogeological point of view. The needs of tourism, of the valorization and of the recovery of the territory can interact positively with respect to the search for experiences of global sustainability. There is therefore a need to develop climate proof policies and instruments associated with local emergency plans as well as to upgrade local infrastructure together with the participation of civil society and private actors. In this perspective, the adoption of green infrastructures turns out to be the right approach to orient cities to urban regeneration, having a great potential for resilience. Transforming our cities into smart cities is essential, putting them in the system by integrating the various functionalities of the territorial and urban green through a policy of Best Practices. The indispensable bases are based on the use of the public green that must be able to guarantee a good hydrogeological and climatic function, based on the maintenance of biodiversity and on the possibility of enjoying a beautiful and functional city able to promote human relations. It is essential to focus on the small centers as settlement structures with morphological and dimensional stability over time, with a certain degree of autonomy and isolation from the main urban centers in order to define the "minimum" conditions essential to ensure habitability, counteracting their abandonment. , maintaining the resident population or favoring the stable establishment of new communities.

Contents: Introduction: Inga Krättli: Long-term Responsibility for a Sustainable Life: Introductory Panel Session and Roundtable Discussion (15-22); Part 1: On Organisations and Philosophies of Development: Isolde M. Schönstein: Die Verantwortung der Kirchen für nachhaltige Entwicklung (25-33); Emil Brix: Zivilgesellschaft als Chance für die Demokratie (35-42); Michal Sicinski: Ecology and Sustainable Development within a General Social Theory: Old and New Approaches (43-52); Part 2: On Higher Education and Cases of Institution Building: Norbert Derner: Mutual Relationships of Personal Interests and the Evolution of Complex Social Systems (55-59); R. Garleja, I. Kerpe: Innovative Changes in the Social Demand for Lifelong Education (61-66); Richard J. Bartak: Bioakademie - Bildungsprojekt zum ökologischen Landbau in der Tschechischen Republik (67-74); Vijaya Sherry Chand, Elmar A. Stuhler and Sasi Misra: The Fachhochschule System of Higher Education: University of Applied Sciences, Landshut and University of Applied Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan (75-86); Part 3: Interdisciplinary Studies on National Parks, Ecotourism and Investment: Jan W. Dobrowolski: An Interdisciplinary Study of, and Education for, the Sustainable Development of National Park Regions in Poland and a New Concept of Sound Tourism Management applied to the Cinque Terre National Park in Italy (89-100); Aleksandra Wagner, Jan W. Dobrowolski, Maria Zielinska: Ecotourism as a Factor of Sustainable Development of Specially Protected Regions (101-108); Philippos Nicolopoulos: The Large Scale Investments in Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Case of Crete and Arcadia (109-121); Part 4: Living Space Resources, Evaluation of Raw Materials, Agricultural and Food Policy: Drago Muvrin: Sustainable Development through Research and Learning. Sustainable Development and Habitation. An Approach to the Use of Living Space Resources (125-136); Ingeborg Bauer: Basic Principles of the Bavarian Agricultural Policy and its Contribution to Sustainable Development (137-142); Aija Melngaile: Global Aspects of Food Chain Development (143-149); Richard J. Bartak: Evaluating the Use of Raw Materials for Food Production from Economic, Ecological, Ethical and Social Points of View (151-162); Part 5: International Agricultural Research for Development: Sabine Homann, Andre van Rooyen, Thinah Moyo and Zivayi Nengomasha: Strengthening Livestock Market Flows and Feeding Practices for Improved Livelihoods in Southern Zimbabwe (165-173); Sabine Homann, Barbara Rischkowsky, Jörg Steinbach, Michael Kirk: Towards Endogenous Development: Borana Pastoralists' Response to Environmental and Institutional Changes (175-182); Sabine Homann, Barbara Rischkowsky, Jörg Steinbach: Herd Mobility Leads the Way for Sustainable Pastoral Development: The Case of Borana Rangelands, Southern Ethiopia (183-194); Part 6: Aspects of Eco-Design and Development, Innovation as well as Renewable Energy Sources: Marion Hersh: Ecodesign for All: Principles and Practice (197-216); Jozica Knez-Riedl: Developing a Sustainable/Holistic Firm (217-225); Majda Bastic: Analysis of Slovenian New Products from Environmental Viewpoint (227-234); Jan Fiedler: The Economics of Renewable Energy Sources in the Czech Republic (235-240); Part 7: Technological Issues and Opportunities: Zinaida Klestova, Alexander Makarenko, Eugene Samorodov: Geoinformational Systems in society Transformation. System Analysis and Transregional Infrastructure (243-250); T. Abadjieva: Effect of Solar Radiation on Materials and Design of Buildings in Botswana (251-258); Vera Vokolkova: Road Transport and its Contribution to Global Warming with Special Regards to Developing Countries (259-269); Dana Wenscheova: Transportation and Environment in the City of Brno (271-275); Antonin Kremr: The Modrice Project - Reconstruction and Intensification of the City Waste Water Treatment Plant in Brno (277-280); Part 8: Latvian Processes and Methodologies: I. Skards, J. Raipulis, I. Karlsone, V. Strazdina: Why Have Suicide Rates in Baltic States Increased after Restoration of Independence after 1990 (283-296); Ilmars Skards, Jekabs Raipulis, Ilga Karlsone: Demographic Situation in Latvia and the Conditions which Limit it (297-310); A. Goldsteins: State Forest Certification Activities in Latvia (311-315); Part 9: Our New Enemy: Timi Ecimovic: The Climate Change System (319-334); Melanie Thun: "Shishmaref Must Yield" (335-336); Werner Zeppenfeld: Tuvalu: An Island Nation Cables SOS (337); Part 10: Possible Follow up Studies: Rainer Fuchs, Shalini Misra: Need and Possibility for Analysing Human Motivation Potential - Related to Sustainability (341-363); Rainer Fuchs: Goal-oriented Action: The Interaction of Process Components in Terms of Cybernetic Theory (365-380); Elmar A. Stuhler: The Usefulness of Action Psychology for Multipurpose Agribusiness (381-393); Elmar A. Stuhler: Retrospect and Prospect (395-400).