The article deals with the problems of citizenship which currently prevail in both feminist and non-feminist discourses. Even though the feminist philosophy produces plentiful critique of models of citizenship which dominate the Western philosophy at the moment it does not present many positive alternatives. This article analyses probably one from the most interesting and original conceptions of the kind of citizens does the modern world require. The article is focused on the examination of the conception of citizenship in the ethics of care and its relation to the models of citizenship which prevail in contemporary political and moral philosophy. It is suggested that the conception of citizenship inherent in the ethics of care is an emerging alternative to the liberal and republican models of citizenship.
The article deals with the problems of citizenship which currently prevail in both feminist and non-feminist discourses. Even though the feminist philosophy produces plentiful critique of models of citizenship which dominate the Western philosophy at the moment it does not present many positive alternatives. This article analyses probably one from the most interesting and original conceptions of the kind of citizens does the modern world require. The article is focused on the examination of the conception of citizenship in the ethics of care and its relation to the models of citizenship which prevail in contemporary political and moral philosophy. It is suggested that the conception of citizenship inherent in the ethics of care is an emerging alternative to the liberal and republican models of citizenship.
The article deals with the problems of citizenship which currently prevail in both feminist and non-feminist discourses. Even though the feminist philosophy produces plentiful critique of models of citizenship which dominate the Western philosophy at the moment it does not present many positive alternatives. This article analyses probably one from the most interesting and original conceptions of the kind of citizens does the modern world require. The article is focused on the examination of the conception of citizenship in the ethics of care and its relation to the models of citizenship which prevail in contemporary political and moral philosophy. It is suggested that the conception of citizenship inherent in the ethics of care is an emerging alternative to the liberal and republican models of citizenship.
The article deals with the problems of citizenship which currently prevail in both feminist and non-feminist discourses. Even though the feminist philosophy produces plentiful critique of models of citizenship which dominate the Western philosophy at the moment it does not present many positive alternatives. This article analyses probably one from the most interesting and original conceptions of the kind of citizens does the modern world require. The article is focused on the examination of the conception of citizenship in the ethics of care and its relation to the models of citizenship which prevail in contemporary political and moral philosophy. It is suggested that the conception of citizenship inherent in the ethics of care is an emerging alternative to the liberal and republican models of citizenship.
Summary Citizenship Plurality: Contemporary Trends Citizenship denotes the existence of a specific legal tie between individual and a state conferring mutual rights and duties. It is a matter of domestic jurisdiction of states, but the freedom of states to regulate their citizenship is restricted by rules of international law to protect fundamentals human rights and freedoms. States citizenship laws must be consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognized with regard to citizenship. Citizenship Plurality means that individual is the citizen of two or more different states at the same time. An individual may acquire more than one citizenship as a result of the conflicting citizenship laws of different states or of the conferment of citizenship by naturalization or any other manner, which does not result in the renunciation of a prior citizenship. For a long time considerable international and domestic effort has been directed toward avoiding or reducing these situations, because some of the problems may be affected by the lack of citizenship plurality in the area of obligations to military service, diplomatic protection, tax payments, election etc. Just nowadays these problems are no more threatened. Equalisation of rights between men and women, international migration, mixed marriages, globalization, EU integration and other factors are influencing legislation on tolerance toward citizenship plurality. More and more often the conferment of right and duties are related with criterion of habitual residence and not with possession of citizenship. The question of recognition of citizenship plurality in Lithuania became a matter of great relevance to our society after the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania of November 13, 2006 on the compliance of the provisions of legal acts regulating the citizenship relations with the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The ruling states that the legal regulation established in the Law on Citizenship (wording of 17 September 2002 with subsequent amendments and supplements) which was in effect at the time of consideration of this constitutional justice case, is in conflict with the Constitution. The essential problem was that under the provision of Paragraph 2 of Article 12 of the Constitution that with the exception of individual cases provided for by law, no one may be a citizen of both the Republic of Lithuania and another state at the same time, while the legal regulation continually expanded the legislative possibilities for citizens of the Republic of Lithuania also to hold citizenship of another state. Such legal regulation not only does not prevent from citizenship plurality but even encourages such tendency. Lithuanian citizenship legal regulation may be changed by amendments of Law on Citizenship, but it would be sufficient to provide individual cases of citizenship plurality. To fully permit citizenship plurality it is urgent need of referendum to change the Constitution.
Summary Citizenship Plurality: Contemporary Trends Citizenship denotes the existence of a specific legal tie between individual and a state conferring mutual rights and duties. It is a matter of domestic jurisdiction of states, but the freedom of states to regulate their citizenship is restricted by rules of international law to protect fundamentals human rights and freedoms. States citizenship laws must be consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognized with regard to citizenship. Citizenship Plurality means that individual is the citizen of two or more different states at the same time. An individual may acquire more than one citizenship as a result of the conflicting citizenship laws of different states or of the conferment of citizenship by naturalization or any other manner, which does not result in the renunciation of a prior citizenship. For a long time considerable international and domestic effort has been directed toward avoiding or reducing these situations, because some of the problems may be affected by the lack of citizenship plurality in the area of obligations to military service, diplomatic protection, tax payments, election etc. Just nowadays these problems are no more threatened. Equalisation of rights between men and women, international migration, mixed marriages, globalization, EU integration and other factors are influencing legislation on tolerance toward citizenship plurality. More and more often the conferment of right and duties are related with criterion of habitual residence and not with possession of citizenship. The question of recognition of citizenship plurality in Lithuania became a matter of great relevance to our society after the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania of November 13, 2006 on the compliance of the provisions of legal acts regulating the citizenship relations with the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The ruling states that the legal regulation established in the Law on Citizenship (wording of 17 September 2002 with subsequent amendments and supplements) which was in effect at the time of consideration of this constitutional justice case, is in conflict with the Constitution. The essential problem was that under the provision of Paragraph 2 of Article 12 of the Constitution that with the exception of individual cases provided for by law, no one may be a citizen of both the Republic of Lithuania and another state at the same time, while the legal regulation continually expanded the legislative possibilities for citizens of the Republic of Lithuania also to hold citizenship of another state. Such legal regulation not only does not prevent from citizenship plurality but even encourages such tendency. Lithuanian citizenship legal regulation may be changed by amendments of Law on Citizenship, but it would be sufficient to provide individual cases of citizenship plurality. To fully permit citizenship plurality it is urgent need of referendum to change the Constitution.
Summary Citizenship Plurality: Contemporary Trends Citizenship denotes the existence of a specific legal tie between individual and a state conferring mutual rights and duties. It is a matter of domestic jurisdiction of states, but the freedom of states to regulate their citizenship is restricted by rules of international law to protect fundamentals human rights and freedoms. States citizenship laws must be consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognized with regard to citizenship. Citizenship Plurality means that individual is the citizen of two or more different states at the same time. An individual may acquire more than one citizenship as a result of the conflicting citizenship laws of different states or of the conferment of citizenship by naturalization or any other manner, which does not result in the renunciation of a prior citizenship. For a long time considerable international and domestic effort has been directed toward avoiding or reducing these situations, because some of the problems may be affected by the lack of citizenship plurality in the area of obligations to military service, diplomatic protection, tax payments, election etc. Just nowadays these problems are no more threatened. Equalisation of rights between men and women, international migration, mixed marriages, globalization, EU integration and other factors are influencing legislation on tolerance toward citizenship plurality. More and more often the conferment of right and duties are related with criterion of habitual residence and not with possession of citizenship. The question of recognition of citizenship plurality in Lithuania became a matter of great relevance to our society after the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania of November 13, 2006 on the compliance of the provisions of legal acts regulating the citizenship relations with the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The ruling states that the legal regulation established in the Law on Citizenship (wording of 17 September 2002 with subsequent amendments and supplements) which was in effect at the time of consideration of this constitutional justice case, is in conflict with the Constitution. The essential problem was that under the provision of Paragraph 2 of Article 12 of the Constitution that with the exception of individual cases provided for by law, no one may be a citizen of both the Republic of Lithuania and another state at the same time, while the legal regulation continually expanded the legislative possibilities for citizens of the Republic of Lithuania also to hold citizenship of another state. Such legal regulation not only does not prevent from citizenship plurality but even encourages such tendency. Lithuanian citizenship legal regulation may be changed by amendments of Law on Citizenship, but it would be sufficient to provide individual cases of citizenship plurality. To fully permit citizenship plurality it is urgent need of referendum to change the Constitution.
Summary Citizenship Plurality: Contemporary Trends Citizenship denotes the existence of a specific legal tie between individual and a state conferring mutual rights and duties. It is a matter of domestic jurisdiction of states, but the freedom of states to regulate their citizenship is restricted by rules of international law to protect fundamentals human rights and freedoms. States citizenship laws must be consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognized with regard to citizenship. Citizenship Plurality means that individual is the citizen of two or more different states at the same time. An individual may acquire more than one citizenship as a result of the conflicting citizenship laws of different states or of the conferment of citizenship by naturalization or any other manner, which does not result in the renunciation of a prior citizenship. For a long time considerable international and domestic effort has been directed toward avoiding or reducing these situations, because some of the problems may be affected by the lack of citizenship plurality in the area of obligations to military service, diplomatic protection, tax payments, election etc. Just nowadays these problems are no more threatened. Equalisation of rights between men and women, international migration, mixed marriages, globalization, EU integration and other factors are influencing legislation on tolerance toward citizenship plurality. More and more often the conferment of right and duties are related with criterion of habitual residence and not with possession of citizenship. The question of recognition of citizenship plurality in Lithuania became a matter of great relevance to our society after the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania of November 13, 2006 on the compliance of the provisions of legal acts regulating the citizenship relations with the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The ruling states that the legal regulation established in the Law on Citizenship (wording of 17 September 2002 with subsequent amendments and supplements) which was in effect at the time of consideration of this constitutional justice case, is in conflict with the Constitution. The essential problem was that under the provision of Paragraph 2 of Article 12 of the Constitution that with the exception of individual cases provided for by law, no one may be a citizen of both the Republic of Lithuania and another state at the same time, while the legal regulation continually expanded the legislative possibilities for citizens of the Republic of Lithuania also to hold citizenship of another state. Such legal regulation not only does not prevent from citizenship plurality but even encourages such tendency. Lithuanian citizenship legal regulation may be changed by amendments of Law on Citizenship, but it would be sufficient to provide individual cases of citizenship plurality. To fully permit citizenship plurality it is urgent need of referendum to change the Constitution.
Citizenship is permanent, uninterrupted legal relation between a person and a state. If aliens leave a state, their legal relation with a state breaks off in contrast to the citizens whose legal relation with the state that granted their citizenship remains even if they go to any foreign country. While establishing the grounds for acquisition of the citizenship and regulating the procedure for acquisition and loss, a legislator has a discretion, however, by doing this a legislator may not deny the requirement of the Constitution that a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may also be a citizen of the other state only in separate cases prescribed by the law. Laws on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania, both the law of 3 November 1989 and 5 of December 1991 are based on the principle of limitation of double citizenship which is not absolute. The exceptions of prohibition of double citizenship are prescribed. The prohibition of double citizenship has not been clearly established in the Law on Citizenship of Soviet Union Republic of Lithuania of 3 November 1989 at first. Such provision has been established on the 16 of April 1991 by the law "On the Amendment of Article 18 of the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania". Law on Citizenship of 5 December 1991 provided that the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may not be the citizen of other state at the same time, except for the cases prescribed by this law. At first, such cases where two, i.e. when the citizenship is granted for exceptional merits to Lithuania; pursuant to the Version of the Law on Citizenship of 10 December 1991, the persons of Lithuanian origin residing in other states who have had the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania and left Lithuania from the 15th of June 1940 until the 11th of March 1990 as well as their children who have not acquired the citizenship of this state with the birth in other state were able to restore the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania without refusal of the current citizenship of the other state. The circle of the entities able to have the citizenships of several states was being extended. Finally, many persons were able to acquire double citizenship until the Constitutional Court reined in this process with its resolution of 13 November 2006. It indicated that such legal regulation, when double citizenship becomes widely spread phenomenon rather than particularly rare exception and when the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania is granted (as well as by way of exception) to such persons who already have the citizenship of other state and who are not related with the state of Lithuania by permanent actual relations, who have not integrated into society of Lithuania, establishes prerequisites to violate Article 12 paragraph 2 of the Constitution.
Citizenship is permanent, uninterrupted legal relation between a person and a state. If aliens leave a state, their legal relation with a state breaks off in contrast to the citizens whose legal relation with the state that granted their citizenship remains even if they go to any foreign country. While establishing the grounds for acquisition of the citizenship and regulating the procedure for acquisition and loss, a legislator has a discretion, however, by doing this a legislator may not deny the requirement of the Constitution that a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may also be a citizen of the other state only in separate cases prescribed by the law. Laws on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania, both the law of 3 November 1989 and 5 of December 1991 are based on the principle of limitation of double citizenship which is not absolute. The exceptions of prohibition of double citizenship are prescribed. The prohibition of double citizenship has not been clearly established in the Law on Citizenship of Soviet Union Republic of Lithuania of 3 November 1989 at first. Such provision has been established on the 16 of April 1991 by the law "On the Amendment of Article 18 of the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania". Law on Citizenship of 5 December 1991 provided that the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may not be the citizen of other state at the same time, except for the cases prescribed by this law. At first, such cases where two, i.e. when the citizenship is granted for exceptional merits to Lithuania; pursuant to the Version of the Law on Citizenship of 10 December 1991, the persons of Lithuanian origin residing in other states who have had the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania and left Lithuania from the 15th of June 1940 until the 11th of March 1990 as well as their children who have not acquired the citizenship of this state with the birth in other state were able to restore the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania without refusal of the current citizenship of the other state. The circle of the entities able to have the citizenships of several states was being extended. Finally, many persons were able to acquire double citizenship until the Constitutional Court reined in this process with its resolution of 13 November 2006. It indicated that such legal regulation, when double citizenship becomes widely spread phenomenon rather than particularly rare exception and when the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania is granted (as well as by way of exception) to such persons who already have the citizenship of other state and who are not related with the state of Lithuania by permanent actual relations, who have not integrated into society of Lithuania, establishes prerequisites to violate Article 12 paragraph 2 of the Constitution.
Citizenship is permanent, uninterrupted legal relation between a person and a state. If aliens leave a state, their legal relation with a state breaks off in contrast to the citizens whose legal relation with the state that granted their citizenship remains even if they go to any foreign country. While establishing the grounds for acquisition of the citizenship and regulating the procedure for acquisition and loss, a legislator has a discretion, however, by doing this a legislator may not deny the requirement of the Constitution that a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may also be a citizen of the other state only in separate cases prescribed by the law. Laws on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania, both the law of 3 November 1989 and 5 of December 1991 are based on the principle of limitation of double citizenship which is not absolute. The exceptions of prohibition of double citizenship are prescribed. The prohibition of double citizenship has not been clearly established in the Law on Citizenship of Soviet Union Republic of Lithuania of 3 November 1989 at first. Such provision has been established on the 16 of April 1991 by the law "On the Amendment of Article 18 of the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania". Law on Citizenship of 5 December 1991 provided that the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may not be the citizen of other state at the same time, except for the cases prescribed by this law. At first, such cases where two, i.e. when the citizenship is granted for exceptional merits to Lithuania; pursuant to the Version of the Law on Citizenship of 10 December 1991, the persons of Lithuanian origin residing in other states who have had the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania and left Lithuania from the 15th of June 1940 until the 11th of March 1990 as well as their children who have not acquired the citizenship of this state with the birth in other state were able to restore the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania without refusal of the current citizenship of the other state. The circle of the entities able to have the citizenships of several states was being extended. Finally, many persons were able to acquire double citizenship until the Constitutional Court reined in this process with its resolution of 13 November 2006. It indicated that such legal regulation, when double citizenship becomes widely spread phenomenon rather than particularly rare exception and when the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania is granted (as well as by way of exception) to such persons who already have the citizenship of other state and who are not related with the state of Lithuania by permanent actual relations, who have not integrated into society of Lithuania, establishes prerequisites to violate Article 12 paragraph 2 of the Constitution.
Citizenship is permanent, uninterrupted legal relation between a person and a state. If aliens leave a state, their legal relation with a state breaks off in contrast to the citizens whose legal relation with the state that granted their citizenship remains even if they go to any foreign country. While establishing the grounds for acquisition of the citizenship and regulating the procedure for acquisition and loss, a legislator has a discretion, however, by doing this a legislator may not deny the requirement of the Constitution that a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may also be a citizen of the other state only in separate cases prescribed by the law. Laws on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania, both the law of 3 November 1989 and 5 of December 1991 are based on the principle of limitation of double citizenship which is not absolute. The exceptions of prohibition of double citizenship are prescribed. The prohibition of double citizenship has not been clearly established in the Law on Citizenship of Soviet Union Republic of Lithuania of 3 November 1989 at first. Such provision has been established on the 16 of April 1991 by the law "On the Amendment of Article 18 of the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania". Law on Citizenship of 5 December 1991 provided that the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may not be the citizen of other state at the same time, except for the cases prescribed by this law. At first, such cases where two, i.e. when the citizenship is granted for exceptional merits to Lithuania; pursuant to the Version of the Law on Citizenship of 10 December 1991, the persons of Lithuanian origin residing in other states who have had the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania and left Lithuania from the 15th of June 1940 until the 11th of March 1990 as well as their children who have not acquired the citizenship of this state with the birth in other state were able to restore the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania without refusal of the current citizenship of the other state. The circle of the entities able to have the citizenships of several states was being extended. Finally, many persons were able to acquire double citizenship until the Constitutional Court reined in this process with its resolution of 13 November 2006. It indicated that such legal regulation, when double citizenship becomes widely spread phenomenon rather than particularly rare exception and when the citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania is granted (as well as by way of exception) to such persons who already have the citizenship of other state and who are not related with the state of Lithuania by permanent actual relations, who have not integrated into society of Lithuania, establishes prerequisites to violate Article 12 paragraph 2 of the Constitution.
Facing 21st century, increasing globalization, population mobility, immigration and emigration, the promotion of citizens' active participation in social and civic life becomes an important political priority at national and European level, as a public good depends on the conscious citizens, who feel personal responsibility for what is happening in their country, understand their rights and civic responsibilities citizens, and are able to participate constructively in public life. Citizenship education of younger generation is significant. It is important to educate conscious citizens, who understand their rights and obligations, actively participate in society. Citizenship education in formal schools is imposed, unattractive and of limited effectiveness, it is therefore necessary to analyze attractive ways of citizenship education, accordingly, thesis research subject is citizenship education in scout movement non-governmental youth organization. The aim of thesis is to reveal the citizenship education and its expression in scout movement, through analysis of citizenship education in scout movement non-governmental youth organization "Lietuvos skautija" (Lithuanian scouting). Goals are to highlight the concept of citizenship and significance of its education, discussing the basic concepts and theoretical foundations of citizenship; to reveal interfaces between citizenship education and the Scout Movement; to identify research participants' attitude towards citizenship education in scout movement non-governmental youth organization \"Lietuvos skautija"; to assess the citizenship curriculum in approved "Lietuvos skautija's" youth program. Type of study: mixed, used methods: data collection method - structured questionnaire in writing; Data analysis methods: scientific analysis, qualitative content analysis and statistical data analysis. Key words are: non-governmental youth organization, citizenship, citizenship education, scout movement. Conclusions are: citizenship education is material for civil society development, as this can ensure human rights and freedoms; well-being of society, so young people need to acquire civic competences; citizenship education in scout movement is part of non-formal self-education system, which aims to develop responsible and conscious citizen through good scout education; research respondents expressed strong attitude towards citizenship education implementation as integral part of organization's core; citizenship education curriculum is regulated in LS youth program; citizenship education in organization is implemented through scouting values and methods.
Facing 21st century, increasing globalization, population mobility, immigration and emigration, the promotion of citizens' active participation in social and civic life becomes an important political priority at national and European level, as a public good depends on the conscious citizens, who feel personal responsibility for what is happening in their country, understand their rights and civic responsibilities citizens, and are able to participate constructively in public life. Citizenship education of younger generation is significant. It is important to educate conscious citizens, who understand their rights and obligations, actively participate in society. Citizenship education in formal schools is imposed, unattractive and of limited effectiveness, it is therefore necessary to analyze attractive ways of citizenship education, accordingly, thesis research subject is citizenship education in scout movement non-governmental youth organization. The aim of thesis is to reveal the citizenship education and its expression in scout movement, through analysis of citizenship education in scout movement non-governmental youth organization "Lietuvos skautija" (Lithuanian scouting). Goals are to highlight the concept of citizenship and significance of its education, discussing the basic concepts and theoretical foundations of citizenship; to reveal interfaces between citizenship education and the Scout Movement; to identify research participants' attitude towards citizenship education in scout movement non-governmental youth organization \"Lietuvos skautija"; to assess the citizenship curriculum in approved "Lietuvos skautija's" youth program. Type of study: mixed, used methods: data collection method - structured questionnaire in writing; Data analysis methods: scientific analysis, qualitative content analysis and statistical data analysis. Key words are: non-governmental youth organization, citizenship, citizenship education, scout movement. Conclusions are: citizenship education is material for civil society development, as this can ensure human rights and freedoms; well-being of society, so young people need to acquire civic competences; citizenship education in scout movement is part of non-formal self-education system, which aims to develop responsible and conscious citizen through good scout education; research respondents expressed strong attitude towards citizenship education implementation as integral part of organization's core; citizenship education curriculum is regulated in LS youth program; citizenship education in organization is implemented through scouting values and methods.
